< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-þuz
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *-tus.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /θuz/
Noun
*-þuz m
- Forms result nouns from verb roots, usually from strong verbs.
Inflection
u-stemDeclension of *-þuz (u-stem) | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||
nominative | *-þuz | *-þiwiz | |
vocative | *-þu | *-þiwiz | |
accusative | *-þų | *-þunz | |
genitive | *-þauz | *-þiwǫ̂ | |
dative | *-þiwi | *-þumaz | |
instrumental | *-þū | *-þumiz |
Usage notes
There are several variant forms based on the final consonant of the stem and the original position of the accent:
- Ending in a dental: *-suz (with the Germanic spirant law applied)
- Ending in an obstruent: *-tuz (with the Germanic spirant law applied)
- Otherwise: *-þuz, *-duz
Derived terms
Proto-Germanic terms suffixed with *-þuz
Descendants
This suffix appears to no longer have been productive in most daughter languages. The following lists outcomes of derived terms.
- Proto-West Germanic:
- Old English: -þ, -d, -t
- Middle English: -th, -d, -þ, -þe; -t, -te (conflated with -þ < *-þiz)
- English: -th, -t (conflated with -the < *-iþō)
- Scots: -th, -t (conflated with -the < *-iþō)
- Middle English: -th, -d, -þ, -þe; -t, -te (conflated with -þ < *-þiz)
- Old Saxon: -th
- Old Dutch: *-t
- Dutch: -t, -d, -de
- Old High German: -d; -t
- Middle High German: -?; -t
- German: -de, -d; -t
- Middle High German: -?; -t
- Old English: -þ, -d, -t
- Proto-Norse:
- Old Norse: -ðr
- Icelandic: -ður
- Faroese: -ður
- Swedish: -d
- Danish: -d
- Old Norse: -ðr
- Gothic: -𐌸𐌿𐍃 (-þus)