Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/karilaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

*karlaz, *kerlaz[1]

Etymology

A diminutive of *karaz (but a Proto-Indo-European l-stem according to Kroonen 2013[1]). Probably from Proto-Indo-European *ǵerh₂- (“to become old, to grow”) and related to Ancient Greek γέρων (gérōn), Sanskrit जरन्त (jaranta), Old Armenian ծեր (cer), Avestan 𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬴𐬀𐬥𐬙-‎ (azarəṣ̌ant-), Tocharian A kwär-, Tocharian B kwär-, Hittite [script needed] (karu).[2] [3]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈkɑ.ri.lɑz/

Noun

*karilaz m

free man
little man, young man

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *karilaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*karilaz	karilōz, karilōs
vocative	*karil	karilōz, karilōs
accusative	*karilą	*karilanz
genitive	karilas, karilis	*karilǫ̂
dative	*karilai	*karilamaz
instrumental	*karilō	*karilamiz

Descendants

Some descendants seem to indicate that the word lost its middle syllable (*karlaz), a common change across the Germanic languages.[3]

Old English: ċeorl, ċiorl
- Middle English: cherl, cheorl, churl
  - English: churl
  - Scots: churl
  - Yola: chourle
- ⇒ English: Chorlton (contraction of ċēorl + -tūn)
Old Frisian: tzerl, tzirl
- North Frisian: keerl
- West Frisian: tsjirl, tsjerl
Old Saxon: *keril
- Middle Low German: kerl, kerle
  - Dutch Low Saxon: keerl (Gronings, Achterhoeks), kearl (Twents, Achterhoeks)
  - German Low German: Kerel, Keerl
  - Westphalian:
    Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Kǟrl
    Suerländer-Märkisch: Kærl, Kæl, Kêrl
    Westmünsterländisch: Käärl, Kerl, Kiärl
  - → German: Kerl
  - → Saterland Frisian: Käärel
Frankish: *karil, *karal
- Old Dutch: *keril, *karal, karl[4]
  - Middle Dutch: carel, caerl, kerl, kerel
    - Dutch: kerel
      - Afrikaans: kêrel
      - Jersey Dutch: kääd'l
      - → Saterland Frisian: kerel, kërel, kërdel[5]
      - → West Frisian: keardel, kearel
  - Limburgish: kaerel
Old High German: *keril, karal, karl
- Middle High German: karl, karle, kërl, kërle
- ⇒ Old High German: Karl (given name)
  - German: Karl, Carl
    - → English: Karl, Carl
      - → Cebuano: Karl, Carl
  - → Latin: Carolus (see there for further descendants)
  - → Proto-Slavic: *korľь (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Norse: ᚲᚨᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉ (karilaʀ) [6]
- Old Norse: karl, kall
  - Icelandic: karl
  - Faroese: kallur
  - Norwegian: kall, kar
    - → Danish: kar
      - Norwegian Bokmål: kar
  - Jamtish: kall, karr (< *karaz)
  - Elfdalian: kall
  - Westrobothnian: kjall, kjar (< *karaz)
  - Old Swedish: karilʀ[6][7]
    - Swedish: karl
  - Danish: karl, kal
    - Norwegian Bokmål: kall
  - ⇒ Old Norse: Karl (given name)[8]
    - Icelandic: Karl, Carl
    - Faroese: Karl
    - Norwegian: Karl, Carl
    - Old Swedish: Karl
      - Swedish: Karl, Carl
    - Old Danish: Karl
      - Danish: Karl, Carl
        → Greenlandic: Karl, Kaarali, Kaarale
    - ⇒ Old Norse: Karli, Karle, Kalli (diminutive)
      - Icelandic: Karli
      - Norwegian: Karle, Kalle, Calle
      - Old Swedish: Karle, Kalle
        Swedish: Karli, Karle, Carli, Carlie, Karly, Kalle, Calle
        → Estonian: Kalle
      - Old Danish: Karli
        Danish: Karli, Karly, Kalle, Calle
        → Greenlandic: Kaali
      - → Finnish: Karli, Karle, Kaarle, Kalle, Kale, Kali, Kalla, Kallu
        → Estonian: Kalle
        → Swedish: Kaarle
      - → Sami: Gállá, Kálle
    - → English: Karl, Carl
      - → Cebuano: Karl, Carl
    - → Finnish: Karl
    - → Sami: Kárral
  - → Middle English: carl
    - Scots: carl, cairl, karl
    - English: carl
- → Finnish: karilas (an early North Germanic loanword)[2]
→ Proto-Samic: *kāllēs
- Kildin Sami: ка̄ллесь (kāllʹesʹ)
- Northern Sami: gállis
- Southern Sami: gaellies

References

Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*kerla- ~ *karla-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 285: “nom. *ǵérh₂-ōl, gen. *ǵrh₂-l-ós, acc. *ǵorh₂-él-m”
Philippa, Marlies; Debrabandere, Frans; Quak, Arend; Schoonheim, Tanneke; van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009) Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press
de Vries, J. Nederlandsch Etymologisch Woordenboek. 1971.
Oudnederlands Woordenboek.
Wörterbuch der Ostfriesischen Sprache. ten Doornkaat Koolman, J. 1879. 199th page.
The Journal of English and Germanic Philology. Volume II. 237th page.
Antiqvarisk Tidskrift för Sverige. Tionde Delen. 1887-1891. 305th page.
Pfaff, Judith (2018). Nordic Names. Web.

[EDPG-1] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*kerla- ~ *karla-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 285: “nom. *ǵérh₂-ōl, gen. *ǵrh₂-l-ós, acc. *ǵorh₂-él-m”

[EWN-2] Philippa, Marlies; Debrabandere, Frans; Quak, Arend; Schoonheim, Tanneke; van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009) Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press

[NEW-3] Vries, J. Nederlandsch Etymologisch Woordenboek. 1971.

[ONW-4] Oudnederlands Woordenboek.

[WOS-5] Wörterbuch der Ostfriesischen Sprache. ten Doornkaat Koolman, J. 1879. 199th page.

[egp-6] The Journal of English and Germanic Philology. Volume II. 237th page.

[7] Antiqvarisk Tidskrift för Sverige. Tionde Delen. 1887-1891. 305th page.

[8] Pfaff, Judith (2018). Nordic Names. Web.