< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/karskaz
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ǵer- (“to gladen, rejoice”). If so, then cognate with Ancient Greek ἐγείρω (egeírō, “to awaken, rouse, raise”) and Sanskrit जरते (járate, “to wake up”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈkɑrs.kɑz/
Adjective
*karskaz[1]
- lively
Inflection
Declension of *karskaz (a-stem)
| strong declension | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| nominative | *karskaz | *karskai | *karskō | *karskôz | *karską, *-at(ō) | *karskō |
| accusative | *karskanǭ | *karskanz | *karskǭ | *karskōz | *karską, *-at(ō) | *karskō |
| genitive | *karskas, *karskis | *karskaizǫ̂ | *karskaizōz | *karskaizǫ̂ | *karskas, *karskis | *karskaizǫ̂ |
| dative | *karskammai | *karskaimaz | *karskaizōi | *karskaimaz | *karskammai | *karskaimaz |
| instrumental | *karskanō | *karskaimiz | *karskaizō | *karskaimiz | *karskanō | *karskaimiz |
| weak declension | ||||||
| masculine | feminine | neuter | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| nominative | *karskô | *karskaniz | *karskǭ | *karskōniz | *karskô | *karskōnō |
| accusative | *karskanų | *karskanunz | *karskōnų | *karskōnunz | *karskô | *karskōnō |
| genitive | *karskiniz | *karskanǫ̂ | *karskōniz | *karskōnǫ̂ | *karskiniz | *karskanǫ̂ |
| dative | *karskini | *karskammaz | *karskōni | *karskōmaz | *karskini | *karskammaz |
| instrumental | *karskinē | *karskammiz | *karskōnē | *karskōmiz | *karskinē | *karskammiz |
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *karsk
- Old Saxon: *karsk
- Middle Low German: karsch
- Old Dutch: *karsk
- Middle Dutch: *karsch
- ⇒ Dutch: kersver
- Middle Dutch: *karsch
- Old High German: *karsk
- Middle High German: karsch
- German: karsch (obsolete)
- Middle High German: karsch
- Old Saxon: *karsk
- Old Norse: karskr, kerskr
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*karska-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 282