Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dunkaraz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Similar to *dunkalaz (“dark”), a zero-grade adjective related to *dinkwa-, *dankwaz (“dark”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈduŋ.kɑ.rɑz/

Adjective

*dunkaraz

dark

Inflection

Declension of *dunkaraz (a-stem)

Strong declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*dunkaraz	*dunkarai	*dunkarō	*dunkarôz	*dunkarą, -atō	*dunkarō
Accusative	*dunkaranǭ	*dunkaranz	*dunkarǭ	*dunkarōz	*dunkarą, -atō	*dunkarō
Genitive	*dunkaras, -is	*dunkaraizǫ̂	*dunkaraizōz	*dunkaraizǫ̂	*dunkaras, -is	*dunkaraizǫ̂
Dative	*dunkarammai	*dunkaraimaz	*dunkaraizōi	*dunkaraimaz	*dunkarammai	*dunkaraimaz
Instrumental	*dunkaranō	*dunkaraimiz	*dunkaraizō	*dunkaraimiz	*dunkaranō	*dunkaraimiz

Weak declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*dunkarô	*dunkaraniz	*dunkarǭ	*dunkarōniz	*dunkarô	*dunkarōnō
Accusative	*dunkaranų	*dunkaranunz	*dunkarōnų	*dunkarōnunz	*dunkarô	*dunkarōnō
Genitive	*dunkariniz	*dunkaranǫ̂	*dunkarōniz	*dunkarōnǫ̂	*dunkariniz	*dunkaranǫ̂
Dative	*dunkarini	*dunkarammaz	*dunkarōni	*dunkarōmaz	*dunkarini	*dunkarammaz
Instrumental	*dunkarinē	*dunkarammiz	*dunkarōnē	*dunkarōmiz	*dunkarinē	*dunkarammiz

Synonyms

*dunkalaz
*derkaz

Related terms

*dankwaz

Descendants

Old Frisian: *dunker, diunker, dionker
- Saterland Frisian: djunker
- West Frisian: donker
Old Saxon: dunkar
- Middle Low German: dunker
  - German Low German: dunker
Old Dutch: *dunkar
- Middle Dutch: donker
  - Dutch: donker