< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/rīfaną
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *h₁reyp- (“to tear”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈriː.ɸɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*rīfaną[1][2]
- to tear, rend
Inflection
Conjugation of *rīfaną (strong class 1)
active voice | passive voice | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
1st singular | *rīfō | *rīfaų | — | *rīfai | ? |
2nd singular | *rīfizi | *rīfaiz | *rīf | *rīfazai | *rīfaizau |
3rd singular | *rīfidi | *rīfai | *rīfadau | *rīfadai | *rīfaidau |
1st dual | *rīfōz | *rīfaiw | — | — | — |
2nd dual | *rīfadiz | *rīfaidiz | *rīfadiz | — | — |
1st plural | *rīfamaz | *rīfaim | — | *rīfandai | *rīfaindau |
2nd plural | *rīfid | *rīfaid | *rīfid | *rīfandai | *rīfaindau |
3rd plural | *rīfandi | *rīfain | *rīfandau | *rīfandai | *rīfaindau |
past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
1st singular | *raif | *ribį̄ | |||
2nd singular | *raift | *ribīz | |||
3rd singular | *raif | *ribī | |||
1st dual | *ribū | *ribīw | |||
2nd dual | *ribudiz | *ribīdiz | |||
1st plural | *ribum | *ribīm | |||
2nd plural | *ribud | *ribīd | |||
3rd plural | *ribun | *ribīn | |||
present | past | ||||
participles | *rīfandz | *ribanaz |
Derived terms
- *riftrą
- *rīpiz
- *rippōną
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *rīfan
- Old English: *rīfan
- Middle English: riven
- English: rive
- Middle English: riven
- Old Frisian: rīva
- Old English: *rīfan
- Old Norse: rífa
- Icelandic: rífa
- Norwegian Bokmål: rive
- Old Danish: riuæ
- Danish: rive
- Old Swedish: rīva
- Swedish: riva
- Westrobothnian: riv, riiväs
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*rīfan-~*rīpan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 412
- Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*rīfanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 305