及

See also: 乃, 廴, and 殳

及	U+53CA, 及 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53CA

← 叉
[U+53C9]

CJK Unified Ideographs

友 →
[U+53CB]

及	U+2F836, 及 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F836

← 灰
[U+2F835]

CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement

叟 →
[U+2F837]

Translingual

Traditional	及
Simplified	及
Japanese	及
Korean	及

Stroke order

Stroke order

Han character

及 (Kangxi radical 29, 又+2 in traditional Chinese and Korean, 又+1 in mainland China and Japanese, 4 strokes in traditional Chinese and Korean, 3 strokes in mainland China and Japanese, cangjie input 弓竹水 (NHE), four-corner 1724₇, composition ⿻⿹𠄎丿乀(GHJV or U+2F836) or ⿸⿱㇇丿又(TK))

Derived characters

伋, 吸, 圾, 㚫, 𭕅, 岋, 㠷, 𢎽, 彶, 忣, 扱, 汲, 𤜯, 𨸚, 𠀨, 昅, 䏜, 极, 𤆣, 𪻏, 𥘜, 﨤, 𥄫, 砐, 𥝥, 衱, 級(级), 𦐏, 䑥, 𫊩, 觙, 訯, 𧲫, 𧹜, 趿, 𨋃, 鈒(钑), 靸, 𩎕, 𩖪, 馺, 𩨞, 魥(𩽹), 𩾶, 䶋, 𠚵, 䲯, 𫲼, 岌, 㧀, 芨, 㽺, 笈, 𦐅, 𨳛, 雭, 𥻾, 㤂

References

KangXi: page 165, character 3
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3118
Dae Jaweon: page 374, character 17
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 35, character 1
Unihan data for U+53CA
Unihan data for U+2F836

Chinese

trad.		及
simp. ^#		及

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 及
Shang	Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (及) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
趿	*sqʰɯːb
鈒	sqʰɯːb, sqʰrɯb
靸	sqʰɯːb, sqʰaːb
馺	*sqʰɯːb
砐	*ŋɡɯːb
魥	ŋɡɯːb, kʰab
扱	*skʰrɯːb
笈	skʰrɯːb, ɡrab, ɡab, ɡrɯb
衱	ɡrab, kab
极	ɡrab, ɡab
昅	*ɡab
雭	*sqʰrɯb
急	*krɯb
級	*krɯb
汲	*krɯb
芨	*krɯb
伋	*krɯb
彶	*krɯb
及	*ɡrɯb
岌	*ŋɡrɯb
吸	*qʰrɯb

Ideogrammic compound (會意) : 人 (“person”) + 又 (“hand”) – a hand grabbing a person.

Etymology

Possibly connected to Burmese ကပ် (kap, “to arrive at”) or Jingpho khap (“to carry, to reach”) (Starostin and Peiros, 1996) or less likely to Tibetan འགྲུབ་པ ('grub pa) ~ འགྲུབ ('grub, “to make ready”), སྒྲུབ་པ (sgrub pa) ~ བསྒྲུབ (bsgrub, “to complete, achieve”), གྲུབ་པ (grub pa, “complete”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Possibly departing tone derivations are 暨 (jì, “to attain, to reach”), 迄 (qì, “to reach to”), and 既 (jì, “already”) (Yu, 1948, Baxter, 1992). However, see those entries for more.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): jí (ji²)
(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧˊ
(Chengdu, SP): jie² / ji²
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): kap⁶, gap⁶
(Taishan, Wiktionary): giap⁵
Gan (Wiktionary): qit⁷
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): khi̍p
(Meixian, Guangdong): kib⁶
Jin (Wiktionary): jieh⁵
Min Bei (KCR): gĭ
Min Dong (BUC): gĭk
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): ki̍p / khi̍p
(Teochew, Peng'im): gib⁸
Wu (Wiktionary): jjiq (T5)
Xiang (Wiktionary): ji⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jí
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jí
  - Wade–Giles: chi²
  - Yale: jí
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyi
  - Palladius: цзи (czi)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: jie² / ji²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gie / gi
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiɛ²¹/, /t͡ɕi²¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: kap⁶, gap⁶
  - Yale: kahp, gahp
  - Cantonese Pinyin: kap⁹, gap⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: keb⁶, geb⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɐp̚²/, /kɐp̚²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: giap⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiap̚³²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: qit⁷
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰit̚²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khi̍p
  - Hakka Romanization System: kib
  - Hagfa Pinyim: kib⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰip̚⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: kib⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /cʰip̚⁵/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: jieh⁵
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕiəʔ⁵⁴/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gĭ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ki²⁴/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: gĭk
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiʔ⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ki̍p
  - Tâi-lô: ki̍p
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kip
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kip̚⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kip̚¹²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /kip̚²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khi̍p
  - Tâi-lô: khi̍p
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qip
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰip̚¹²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /kʰip̚²⁴/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kʰip̚⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: gib⁸
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ki̍p
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kip̚⁴/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: jjiq (T5)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /d̥͡ʑi̯ɪʔ¹²/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: ji⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi²⁴/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 及
Mandarin	Beijing	/t͡ɕi³⁵/
	Harbin	/t͡ɕi²⁴/ 來不～ /t͡ɕi⁵³/ ～格
	Tianjin	/t͡ɕi⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/t͡ɕi⁴²/
	Qingdao	/t͡ɕi⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/t͡ɕi²⁴/
	Xi'an	/t͡ɕi²⁴/
	Xining	/t͡ɕji²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/t͡ɕi¹³/
	Lanzhou	/t͡ɕi¹³/
	Ürümqi	/t͡ɕi²¹³/
	Wuhan	/t͡ɕi²¹³/
	Chengdu	/t͡ɕie³¹/ /t͡ɕi³¹/
	Guiyang	/t͡ɕi²¹/
	Kunming	/t͡ɕi³¹/
	Nanjing	/t͡ɕiʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/t͡ɕiəʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/t͡ɕiəʔ⁵⁴/
	Pingyao	/t͡ɕiʌʔ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/t͡ɕiəʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/d͡ʑiɪʔ¹/
	Suzhou	/d͡ʑiəʔ³/
	Hangzhou	/d͡ʑiəʔ²/
	Wenzhou	/d͡ʑai²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/t͡ɕʰi²²/
Hui	Tunxi	/t͡ɕi¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/t͡ɕi²⁴/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/t͡ɕʰi²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/t͡ɕʰiʔ²/ ～格
Hakka	Meixian	/kʰip̚⁵/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/kʰip̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/kʰɐp̚²/
	Nanning	/kɐp̚²²/
	Hong Kong	/kɐp̚²/ /kʰɐp̚²/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/kip̚⁵/ /kʰip̚⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/kiʔ⁵/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/ki²⁴/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/kip̚⁵/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/kip̚³/

Middle Chinese: /ɡˠiɪp̚/

Rime
Character	及
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	侵 (142)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	其立切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɡˠiɪp̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ɡᵚip̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ɡiep̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/gjip̚/
Li Rong	/ɡjəp̚/
Wang Li	/ɡĭĕp̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/gi̯əp̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jí
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gap⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[m-k-]rəp/
(Zhengzhang): /*ɡrɯb/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	及
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jí
Middle Chinese	‹ gip ›
Old Chinese	/*[m-k-]rəp/
English	reach to
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	及
Reading #	1/1
No.	5664
Phonetic component	及
Rime group	緝
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	及
Old Chinese	/*ɡrɯb/

Definitions

及

to reach; to extend to
觸手可及／触手可及 ― chùshǒukějí ― at one's fingertips; within reach (literally, "can be reached by the touch of hand")
to catch up to; to reach the level of
及格 ― jígé ― to pass (i.e., to reach the grade for passing)
愚不可及 ― yúbùkějí ― inimitable foolishness
to be in time for; in time
來得及／来得及 ― láidéjí ― to be or to do something in time
and; as well as
以及 ― yǐjí ― as well as
- 夏，五月，宋人及楚人平。 [Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
  From: Commentary of Gongyang, c. 206 BCE– 9 CE
  Xià, Wǔyuè, sòngrén jí chǔrén píng. [Pinyin]
  Summer, the fifth month, the generals of Song and Chu agreed to peace.
a surname

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 和 (“and”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		與, 及
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		和, 與, 及
Mandarin	Beijing	跟, 和
	Taiwan	跟, 和
	Yantai (Muping)	和
	Jinan	和, 跟, 給
	Wanrong	和
	Wanrong (Ronghe)	連
	Xi'an	跟, 連
	Yinchuan	連
	Lanzhou	跟, 和
	Xining	帶, 和
	Ürümqi	跟, 連, 和
	Wuhan	跟
	Chengdu	跟, 給, 和
	Guiyang	跟, 同, 和
	Guilin	跟, 和
	Liuzhou	跟, 同, 和
	Xuzhou	給
	Yangzhou	跟, 交
	Nanjing	告, 跟
	Hefei	跟
	Malaysia	和, 跟
	Singapore	和, 跟
	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	帶
Cantonese	Guangzhou	同, 同埋
	Hong Kong	同, 同埋
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	同
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	同
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	同
	Macau	同, 同埋
	Taishan	同埋
	Kaiping (Chikan)	同, 同埋
	Dongguan	同, 同埋
	Yangjiang	鄧, 同
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	同
	Penang (Guangfu)	同
	Singapore (Guangfu)	同
Gan	Nanchang	跟, 同
	Lichuan	和
	Pingxiang	同, 跟
Hakka	Meixian	同, 摎
	Yudu	澗
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	摎
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	同
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	摎
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	同
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	摎
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	和
	Hong Kong	摎
	Kuching (Hepo)	佮
Huizhou	Jixi	搭
Jin	Taiyuan	和, 跟
Jin	Xinzhou	給
Min Bei	Jian'ou	邀
	Jian'ou (Dikou)	邀, 儉, 教
	Zhenghe (Zhenqian)	邀
	Pucheng (Shibei)	邀, 跟
Min Dong	Fuzhou	共
	Changle	共
	Fuqing	共
	Yongtai	共
	Gutian	共
	Fu'an	共
	Ningde	共
	Shouning	隨
	Zhouning	傮, 共
	Fuding	跟
Min Nan	Xiamen	佮, 交
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	佮
	Quanzhou	佮, 交
	Zhangzhou	佮
	Tainan	佮
	Penang (Hokkien)	佮
	Singapore (Hokkien)	佮
	Manila (Hokkien)	佮, 交
	Chaozhou	佮, 共
	Shantou	佮
	Jieyang	佮
	Singapore (Teochew)	佮
	Pontianak (Teochew)	佮
	Leizhou	共
	Wenchang	共
	Haikou	共
	Qionghai	共
Waxiang	Guzhang (Gaofeng)	跟, 邀
Wu	Shanghai	脫, 脫仔, 得, 得仔, 搭, 搭仔, 交, 幫, 同, 跟
	Shanghai (Chongming)	脫
	Shanghai (Songjiang)	搭
	Suzhou	搭, 搭仔
	Danyang	同, 跟
	Hangzhou	同
	Ningbo	搭, 搭仔
	Wenzhou	伉
	Jinhua	亨, 跟
Xiang	Changsha	跟
	Loudi	跟
	Shuangfeng	跟, 同

Compounds

Derived terms from 及

三元及第
不及 (bùjí)
不可企及 (bùkě qǐjí)
不可及 (bùkějí)
世及
以及 (yǐjí)
企及 (qǐjí)
兄死弟及
八及
力所能及 (lìsuǒnéngjí)
危及 (wēijí)
又及
及今
及冠
及早 (jízǎo)
及期
及格 (jígé)
及瓜
及瓜而代
及笄 (jíjī)
及第 (jídì)
及第花
唯恐不及
埃及 (Āijí)
央及 (yāngjí)
始料不及 (shǐliàobùjí)
始料未及 (shǐliàowèijí)
恕己及人
恕己及物
悔之不及
悔之亡及
悔之何及
悔之莫及 (huǐzhīmòjí)
惠及 (huìjí)
愚不可及 (yúbùkějí)
推及
推己及人 (tuījǐjírén)
措不及防
措手不及 (cuòshǒubùjí)
提及 (tíjí)
料及 (liàojí)
旁及

普及 (pǔjí)
普及教育
普及本
普及率 (pǔjílǜ)
朝不及夕
未及 (wèijí)
比及 (bǐjí)
波及 (bōjí)
涉及 (shèjí)
狧糠及米
猝不及防 (cùbùjífáng)
目光所及
等不及 (děngbùjí)
累及 (lěijí)
舐糠及米
行不及言
言不及私
迫不及待 (pòbùjídài)
追悔不及
追悔何及
遍及 (biànjí)
鞭不及腹
不足齒及／不足齿及
來不及／来不及 (láibùjí)
來得及／来得及 (láidejí)
信及豚魚／信及豚鱼
兄終弟及／兄终弟及 (xiōngzhōngdìjí)
劍及履及／剑及履及
及時／及时 (jíshí)
及時行樂／及时行乐 (jíshíxínglè)
及時雨／及时雨 (jíshíyǔ)
及熱釜炊／及热釜炊
及物動詞／及物动词 (jíwù dòngcí)
及鋒／及锋
及鋒而試／及锋而试
及門／及门
及齡／及龄 (jílíng)
噬臍何及／噬脐何及
噬臍無及／噬脐无及
噬臍莫及／噬脐莫及
埃及曆／埃及历
奈及利亞／奈及利亚 (Nàijílìyà)

屨及劍及／屦及剑及
後悔不及／后悔不及
後悔何及／后悔何及
後悔無及／后悔无及
後悔莫及／后悔莫及 (hòuhuǐmòjí)
悔之無及／悔之无及
愛屋及烏／爱屋及乌 (àiwūjíwū)
擴及／扩及
望塵不及／望尘不及
望塵莫及／望尘莫及 (wàngchénmòjí)
榮名及親／荣名及亲
殃及池魚／殃及池鱼 (yāngjíchíyú)
沒及奈何／没及奈何
波及無辜／波及无辜
澤及／泽及
澤及枯骨／泽及枯骨
無及／无及 (wújí)
無所不及／无所不及
狀元及第／状元及第
聯科及第／联科及第
萬不及一／万不及一
觸及／触及 (chùjí)
觸手可及／触手可及 (chùshǒukějí)
觸目所及／触目所及
言不及義／言不及义 (yánbùjíyì)
詐奸不及／诈奸不及
論及婚嫁／论及婚嫁
謀及婦人／谋及妇人
走及奔馬／走及奔马
趕不及／赶不及 (gǎnbùjí)
趕得及／赶得及 (gǎndejí)
追駟不及／追驷不及
進士及第／进士及第 (jìnshì jídì)
過猶不及／过犹不及 (guòyóubùjí)
遙不可及／遥不可及
阿爾及爾／阿尔及尔 (Ā'ěrjí'ěr)
雞不及鳳／鸡不及凤
鞭長莫及／鞭长莫及 (biānchángmòjí)
顧及／顾及 (gùjí)
馬不及鞍／马不及鞍 (mǎ bùjí ān)
駟不及舌／驷不及舌
齒及／齿及 (chǐjí)

Japanese

Shinjitai	及
Kyūjitai [1]	及󠄁 及+`󠄁`^? (Adobe-Japan1)
	及󠄃 及+`󠄃`^? (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details.

Kanji

及

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

and
reach out
exert
exercise
cause

Readings

Go-on: ごう (gō)^{←ごふ (gofu, historical)}
Kan-on: きゅう (kyū, Jōyō)^{←きふ (kifu, historical)}
Kun: および (oyobi, 及び, Jōyō); およぶ (oyobu, 及ぶ, Jōyō); およぼす (oyobosu, 及ぼす, Jōyō)
Nanori: いたる (itaru); おい (oi); しき (shiki); たか (taka); ちか (chika)

References

“及”, in 漢字ぺディア (Kanjipedia)‎ (in Japanese), 日本漢字能力検定協会, 2015—2023

Korean

Hanja

及 (eumhun 미칠 급 (michil geup))

Hanja form^? of 급 (“extend”).
Hanja form^? of 급 (“reach”).
Hanja form^? of 급 (“come up to”).

Vietnamese

Han character

及: Hán Nôm readings: cập

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[1] “及”, in 漢字ぺディア (Kanjipedia)‎ (in Japanese), 日本漢字能力検定協会, 2015—2023