焼く

焼く

Japanese

Kanji in this term
焼
や Grade: 4
kun’yomi

Alternative spelling
燒く (kyūjitai)

Etymology

From Old Japanese. Appears in the Kojiki of 712 CE, and in the Man'yōshū completed some time after 759 CE.[1][2][3] From Proto-Japonic *yaku.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) やく [yàkú] (Heiban – [0])[4][5][6][7]
• (Tokyo) やく​ [yàkúꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[6]
• IPA^(key): [ja̠kɯ̟ᵝ]

• Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "焼く"

Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形)	焼く	やく	[yàkú]
Imperative (命令形)	焼け	やけ	[yàké]
Key constructions
Passive	焼かれる	やかれる	[yàkárérú]
Causative	焼かせる	やかせる	[yàkásérú]
Potential	焼ける	やける	[yàkérú]
Volitional	焼こう	やこ​ー	[yàkóꜜò]
Negative	焼かない	やかない	[yàkánáí]
Negative perfective	焼かなかった	やかな​かった	[yàkánáꜜkàttà]
Formal	焼きます	やきま​す	[yàkímáꜜsù]
Perfective	焼いた	やいた	[yàítá]
Conjunctive	焼いて	やいて	[yàíté]
Hypothetical conditional	焼けば	やけ​ば	[yàkéꜜbà]

Verb

焼(や)く • (yaku) transitive godan (stem 焼(や)き (yaki), past 焼(や)いた (yaita), kyūjitai 燒く)

Japanese verb pair
active	焼く
mediopassive	焼ける

1. to change something by means of fire, light, chemicals, or other means:
   1. to burn
      1. [from 712] to set on fire, to light on fire
      2. [from 720] to burn to ashes
   2. to burn (to write data to a permanent storage medium)
   3. [from 720] to use heat or flame to prepare something for eating or using:
      1. (cooking) to grill
      2. (cooking) to broil
      3. (cooking) to fry
      4. (cooking) to toast
      5. (cooking) to roast
      6. (cooking) to bake
      7. (pottery) to fire
   4. [from 850] to apply moxibustion
   5. [from 1966] to expose to sunlight and cause to change color: to tan one's skin
   6. [from 1908] (photography) to print a photograph by shining a light through a negative
   7. [from 1884] to rub chemicals
   8. [from 1960] to have a sensation, to burn (the heart)
2. (figuratively) to convey feelings from the heart:
   1. [from 759] to worry
   2. to care
   3. [from 1687] 妬く: to envy, to be jealous
   4. [from 1662] to make someone happy

Conjugation

Conjugation of "焼く" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	焼か	やか	yaka
Continuative (連用形)	焼き	やき	yaki
Terminal (終止形)	焼く	やく	yaku
Attributive (連体形)	焼く	やく	yaku
Hypothetical (仮定形)	焼け	やけ	yake
Imperative (命令形)	焼け	やけ	yake
Key constructions
Passive	焼かれる	やかれる	yakareru
Causative	焼かせる 焼かす	やかせる やかす	yakaseru yakasu
Potential	焼ける	やける	yakeru
Volitional	焼こう	やこう	yakō
Negative	焼かない	やかない	yakanai
Negative continuative	焼かず	やかず	yakazu
Formal	焼きます	やきます	yakimasu
Perfective	焼いた	やいた	yaita
Conjunctive	焼いて	やいて	yaite
Hypothetical conditional	焼けば	やけば	yakeba

Classical conjugation of "焼く" (カ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)	焼か	やか	yaka
Continuative (連用形)	焼き	やき	yaki
Terminal (終止形)	焼く	やく	yaku
Attributive (連体形)	焼く	やく	yaku
Realis (已然形)	焼け	やけ	yake
Imperative (命令形)	焼け	やけ	yake
Key constructions
Negative	焼かず	やかず	yakazu
Contrasting conjunction	焼けど	やけど	yakedo
Causal conjunction	焼けば	やけば	yakeba
Conditional conjunction	焼かば	やかば	yakaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)	焼きき	やきき	yakiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)	焼きけり	やきけり	yakikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action)	焼きつ	やきつ	yakitu
Perfect tense (natural event)	焼きぬ	やきぬ	yakinu
Perfect-continuative tense	焼けり 焼きたり	やけり やきたり	yakeri yakitari
Volitional	焼かむ	やかむ	yakamu

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 焼(や)き芋(いも) (yakiimo): a baked sweet potato
• 焼(や)き印(いん) (yakiin): a branding iron; a brand (the mark made by the branding iron)
• 焼(や)き塩(しお) (yakishio): table salt
• 焼(や)き海苔(のり) (yakinori): grilled nori, grilled laver
• 焼(や)き絵(え) (yakie): a pyrograph, pokerwork, woodburning
• 焼(や)き魚(ざかな) (yakizakana): a grilled or broiled fish
• 焼(や)き蕎麦(そば) (yakisoba): yakisoba, stir-fried noodles
• 焼(や)き玉(だま)機(き)関(かん) (yakidamakikan): a semidiesel engine
• 焼(や)き金(がね) (yakigane): a branding iron
• 焼(や)き串(ぐし) (yakigushi): a spit, a skewer
• 焼(や)き栗(ぐり) (yakiguri): a roasted chestnut
• 焼(や)き殺(ころ)す (yakikorosu): to burn to death, to kill by burning
• 焼(や)き捨(す)てる (yakisuteru): to dispose of by burning, to incinerate
• 焼(や)き上(あ)がる (yakiagaru): to be finished baking, broiling, firing, printing, etc.
• 焼(や)き上(あ)げる (yakiageru): to finish baking, broiling, firing, printing, etc. something
• 焼(や)き場(ば) (yakiba): a crematorium
• 焼(や)き石(いし) (yakiishi): a heated stone
• 焼(や)き切(き)る (yakikiru): to burn something off, to separate something by burning; to fully broil, roast, etc. something
• 焼(や)き金(きん) (yakikin): smelted gold, purified gold
• 焼(や)き物(もの) (yakimono): pottery, ceramics, stoneware, china
• 照(て)り焼(や)き (teriyaki): teriyaki

Verb

焼(や)く • (yaku) intransitive ^†nidan (kyūjitai 燒く)

1. (obsolete) to change on its own by means of fire, light, chemicals, or other means: to burn, to tan, to be cooked

Usage notes

The intransitive use of yaku is now obsolete, and has been superseded by the modern form 焼ける (yakeru).

Conjugation

Classical conjugation of "焼く" (カ行下二段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)	焼け	やけ	yake
Continuative (連用形)	焼け	やけ	yake
Terminal (終止形)	焼く	やく	yaku
Attributive (連体形)	焼くる	やくる	yakuru
Realis (已然形)	焼くれ	やくれ	yakure
Imperative (命令形)	焼けよ	やけよ	yakeyo
Key constructions
Negative	焼けず	やけず	yakezu
Contrasting conjunction	焼くれど	やくれど	yakuredo
Causal conjunction	焼くれば	やくれば	yakureba
Conditional conjunction	焼けば	やけば	yakeba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)	焼けき	やけき	yakeki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)	焼けけり	やけけり	yakekeri
Perfect tense (conscious action)	焼けつ	やけつ	yaketu
Perfect tense (natural event)	焼けぬ	やけぬ	yakenu
Perfect-continuative tense	焼けたり	やけたり	yaketari
Volitional	焼けむ	やけむ	yakemu

References

1. “焼”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
2. 711–712, Kojiki (poem 74), text here
3. c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 15, poem 3652), text here
4. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
5. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
6. 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
7. 1960, Tetsuo Hirayama (平山輝男, editor), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”), (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN