-ut
See also: ut, UT, ut-, út, ût, üt, ǖt, -uț, ут, үт, and ют
Catalan
Etymology
From Latin -ūtus, -ūtum.
Pronunciation
- (Balearic, Central, Valencian) IPA(key): /ˈ-ut/
Suffix
-ut (feminine -uda, masculine plural -uts, feminine plural -udes)
- Forms the past participle of most second-conjugation verbs.
- Forms adjectives from nouns that indicate an abundance.
Derived terms
Catalan terms suffixed with -ut
Further reading
- “-ut”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2023
- “-ut” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
Finnish
Suffix
-ut (front vowel harmony variant -yt)
- A variant of -nut, used with verbs that end in -a/-ä preceded by at least two consonants, i.e. the verbs in the following conjugation classes (the classes marked with *) only include one verb).
- juosta
- olla*)
- rohkaista
- seistä*)
- tulla
Usage notes
- For other conjugation classes see -nut and -nnut.
Declension
| Inflection of -ut (Kotus type 47/kuollut, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -ut | -eet | |
| genitive | -een | -eiden -eitten | |
| partitive | -utta | -eita | |
| illative | -eeseen | -eisiin -eihin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -ut | -eet | |
| accusative | nom. | -ut | -eet |
| gen. | -een | ||
| genitive | -een | -eiden -eitten | |
| partitive | -utta | -eita | |
| inessive | -eessa | -eissa | |
| elative | -eesta | -eista | |
| illative | -eeseen | -eisiin -eihin | |
| adessive | -eella | -eilla | |
| ablative | -eelta | -eilta | |
| allative | -eelle | -eille | |
| essive | -eena | -eina | |
| translative | -eeksi | -eiksi | |
| instructive | — | -ein | |
| abessive | -eetta | -eitta | |
| comitative | — | -eine | |
| Possessive forms of -ut (type kuollut) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives. | ||
| possessor | singular | plural |
| 1st person | -eeni | -eemme |
| 2nd person | -eesi | -eenne |
| 3rd person | -eensa | |
Etymology 2
From Proto-Finnic *-ut.[1]
Suffix
-ut (front vowel harmony variant -yt)
- (chiefly poetic) Forms diminutive nouns.
- (usually poetic or literary) Forms some adjectives.
Usage notes
No longer productive. May include a preceding -h- when inserted after a vowel, which could be by analogy with the weak stem of -as.
Declension
| Inflection of -ut (Kotus type 43/ohut, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -ut | -uet | |
| genitive | -uen | -uiden -uitten | |
| partitive | -utta | -uita | |
| illative | -ueen | -uisiin -uihin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -ut | -uet | |
| accusative | nom. | -ut | -uet |
| gen. | -uen | ||
| genitive | -uen | -uiden -uitten | |
| partitive | -utta | -uita | |
| inessive | -uessa | -uissa | |
| elative | -uesta | -uista | |
| illative | -ueen | -uisiin -uihin | |
| adessive | -uella | -uilla | |
| ablative | -uelta | -uilta | |
| allative | -uelle | -uille | |
| essive | -uena | -uina | |
| translative | -ueksi | -uiksi | |
| instructive | — | -uin | |
| abessive | -uetta | -uitta | |
| comitative | — | -uine | |
| Possessive forms of -ut (type ohut) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives. | ||
| possessor | singular | plural |
| 1st person | -ueni | -uemme |
| 2nd person | -uesi | -uenne |
| 3rd person | -uensa | |
Derived terms
Finnish terms suffixed with -ut (nominal)
References
- Hakulinen, Lauri. 1941–2000. Suomen kielen rakenne ja kehitys ('The Structure and Development of the Finnish Language'). Helsinki: Otava/Helsingin yliopisto.
Anagrams
- -tu
Ingrian
Etymology 1
From Proto-Finnic *-ut. Cognates include Finnish -ut and Karelian -ut.
Pronunciation
- (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /-ut/, [-ud]
- (Soikkola) IPA(key): /-ut/, [-ud̥]
Suffix
-ut (front vowel variant -yt)
- Used to form diminutive nouns.
Declension
| Declension of -ut (type 7/kevät, no gradation) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | -ut | -uet |
| genitive | -uen | -uein |
| partitive | -utta | -ueita |
| illative | -uesse | -ueisse |
| inessive | -uees | -ueis |
| elative | -uest | -ueist |
| allative | -uelle | -ueille |
| adessive | -ueel | -ueil |
| ablative | -uelt | -ueilt |
| translative | -ueks | -ueiks |
| essive | -uenna, -ueen | -ueinna, -uein |
| exessive1) | -uent | -ueint |
| 1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive. | ||
Derived terms
Ingrian terms suffixed with -ut
Etymology 2
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Pronunciation
- (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /-ut/, [-ud]
- (Soikkola) IPA(key): /-ut/, [-ud̥]
Suffix
-ut
- second-person singular indicative present of -ua
Northern Sami
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
-ut
- Forms verbs from adjectives, meaning "to become, to become more".
- Forms verbs from adjectives, meaning "to act -ish, -ly", or from nouns, meaning "to act with, to act like".
Usage notes
- This suffix triggers the strong grade on a preceding stressed syllable.
Inflection
| Even u-stem, no gradation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | -ut | ||
| 1st sing. present | -un | ||
| 1st sing. past | -on | ||
| infinitive | -ut | action noun | -un |
| present participle | -u | action inessive | -umin -ume |
| past participle | -on | action elative | -umis |
| agent participle | — | action comitative | -umiin |
| abessive | -ọkeahttá | ||
| present indicative | past indicative | imperative | |
| 1st singular | -un | -on | -on |
| 2nd singular | -ut | -ot | -ọ |
| 3rd singular | -u | -ūi | -os |
| 1st dual | -o | -ūime | -u |
| 2nd dual | -ubeahtti | -ūide | -u |
| 3rd dual | -uba | -ūiga | -oska |
| 1st plural | -ut | -ūimet | -ot -ut |
| 2nd plural | -ubēhtet | -ūidet | -ot -ut |
| 3rd plural | -ot | -o | -oset |
| connegative | -ọ | -on | -ọ |
| conditional 1 | conditional 2 | potential | |
| 1st singular | -ošin -ošedjen | -olin -oledjen | -ožan |
| 2nd singular | -ošit -ošedjet | -olit -oledjet | -ožat |
| 3rd singular | -ošii | -olii | -oža -oš |
| 1st dual | -ošeimme | -oleimme | -ožetne |
| 2nd dual | -ošeidde | -oleidde | -ožeahppi |
| 3rd dual | -ošeigga | -oleigga | -ožeaba |
| 1st plural | -ošeimmet | -oleimmet | -ožit -ožat |
| 2nd plural | -ošeiddet | -oleiddet | -ožēhpet |
| 3rd plural | -oše -ošedje | -ole -oledje | -ožit |
| connegative | -oše | -ole | -oš |
Derived terms
Northern Sami terms suffixed with -ut
Norwegian Nynorsk
Alternative forms
- -et (introduced as bracket form in the 1938 spelling reform, given equal status in 1959, and made non-standard in 2012)
- -ete (introduced with the 1959 spelling reform, became sole standard form in 2012)
Etymology
From Old Norse -óttr. This was the form used by Aasen.
Suffix
-ut
- forms adjectives from nouns ((pre-2012) alternative form of -ete)
- båre + -ut → bårut
- 1863, Ivar Aasen, Nordmannen (3rd verse)
- Han saag ut paa det baarutte Havet; der var ruskutt aa leggja ut paa.
Derived terms
Norwegian Nynorsk terms suffixed with -ut
Old Irish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ut/
Suffix
-ut (suffixed pronoun)
- you (accusative singular), thee
Derived terms
Category Old Irish terms suffixed with -ut not found
See also
Old Irish affixed pronouns
See Appendix:Old Irish affixed pronouns for details on how these forms are used.
Note that the so-called “infixed” pronouns are technically prefixes, but they are never the first prefix in a verbal complex.
| Person | Infixed | Suffixed | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Class A | Class B | Class C | ||
| 1 sing. | m-L | dom-L, dam-L | -um | |
| 2 sing. | t-L | dot-L, dat-L, dut-L, dit-L | -ut | |
| 3 sing. m. | a-N, e-N | d-N | id-N, did-N, d-N | -i, -it |
| 3 sing. f. | s-(N) | da- | -us | |
| 3 sing. n. | a-L, e-L | d-L | id-L, did-L, d-L | -i, -it |
| 1 pl. | n- | don-, dun-, dan- | -unn | |
| 2 pl. | b- | dob-, dub-, dab- | -uib | |
| 3 pl. | s-(N) | da- | -us | |
| L means this form triggers lenition. N means this form triggers nasalization (eclipsis) (N) means this form triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others. | ||||
Romanian
Etymology
From Latin -ūtus, which was generalized to many second- and third-declension verbs in Vulgar Latin. Compare Italian -uto, Catalan -ut, French -u.
Suffix
-ut
- Used with a stem to mark the past participle of second-conjugation verbs and regular third-conjugation verbs.
- pierde (“lose”) + -ut → pierdut (“lost”)
Further reading
- Appendix:Romanian verb conjugation#Conjugation types: "some type 3 verbs have past participles ending in -ut"
- Carmen Dobrovie-Sorin, Ion Giurgea (eds.), A Reference Grammar of Romanian. Volume 1: The noun phrase, [Linguistik Aktuell / Linguistics Today 207], 2013, p. 665:
- "The supine suffix is identical to the suffix of the (passive) participle. [...] -ut (ține/ținut 'keep/keeping') [...]"
- Ramona Gönczöl, Romanian: An Essential Grammar, 2nd edition 2021 (1st ed. 2007), p. 105:
- "Conjugation 9 [...] Verbs in this conjugation have past participles that end in -ut [...]"