< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xudъ
 | This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ksaudás, from Proto-Indo-European *k⁽ʷ⁾sowdós, from *k⁽ʷ⁾sewd- (“to crush, to disperse”), possibly an extension of Proto-Indo-European *kes- (“to scratch, to mow”). Cognate with Sanskrit क्षुद्र (kṣudra, “small, minute”), Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšáwdas (“swell of the sea”) and akin to Lithuanian skùsti (“to shave”), Ancient Greek ξύω (xúō, “to shave”), Latin saucius (“hurt, wounded”), Sanskrit क्षुर (kṣurá, “razor”).
Adjective
*xȗdъ[1][2][3]
- small, little, weak
- Synonyms: *malъ, *kutrъ, *drebьnъ
Declension
Indefinite declension of *xudъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *xudъ | *xuda | *xudo |
| Accusative | *xudъ | *xudǫ | *xudo |
| Genitive | *xuda | *xudy | *xuda |
| Locative | *xudě | *xudě | *xudě |
| Dative | *xudu | *xudě | *xudu |
| Instrumental | *xudomь | *xudojǫ | *xudomь |
| Vocative | *xude | *xudo | *xudo |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *xuda | *xudě | *xudě |
| Accusative | *xuda | *xudě | *xudě |
| Genitive | *xudu | *xudu | *xudu |
| Locative | *xudu | *xudu | *xudu |
| Dative | *xudoma | *xudama | *xudoma |
| Instrumental | *xudoma | *xudama | *xudoma |
| Vocative | *xuda | *xudě | *xudě |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *xudi | *xudy | *xuda |
| Accusative | *xudy | *xudy | *xuda |
| Genitive | *xudъ | *xudъ | *xudъ |
| Locative | *xuděxъ | *xudaxъ | *xuděxъ |
| Dative | *xudomъ | *xudamъ | *xudomъ |
| Instrumental | *xudy | *xudami | *xudy |
| Vocative | *xudi | *xudy | *xuda |
Definite declension of *xudъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *xudъjь | *xudaja | *xudoje |
| Accusative | *xudъjь | *xudǫjǫ | *xudoje |
| Genitive | *xudajego | *xudyję | *xudajego |
| Locative | *xudějemь | *xuději | *xudějemь |
| Dative | *xudujemu | *xuději | *xudujemu |
| Instrumental | *xudyjimi | *xudǫjǫ | *xudyjimi |
| Vocative | *xudъjь | *xudaja | *xudoje |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *xudaja | *xuději | *xuději |
| Accusative | *xudaja | *xuději | *xuději |
| Genitive | *xuduju | *xuduju | *xuduju |
| Locative | *xuduju | *xuduju | *xuduju |
| Dative | *xudyjima | *xudyjima | *xudyjima |
| Instrumental | *xudyjima | *xudyjima | *xudyjima |
| Vocative | *xudaja | *xuději | *xuději |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *xudiji | *xudyję | *xudaja |
| Accusative | *xudyję | *xudyję | *xudaja |
| Genitive | *xudъjixъ | *xudъjixъ | *xudъjixъ |
| Locative | *xudyjixъ | *xudyjixъ | *xudyjixъ |
| Dative | *xudyjimъ | *xudyjimъ | *xudyjimъ |
| Instrumental | *xudyjimi | *xudyjimi | *xudyjimi |
| Vocative | *xudiji | *xudyję | *xudaja |
Derived terms
- *xuditi (“to vilify, to reproach”)
- *xuděti (“to thin, to lose weight”)
- *xudoba (“malice, dishonesty”)
- *xudota (“evil”)
- *xudostь (“poverty, misery”)
- *xudina (“poor thing”)
- *xudežь (“poor, miserable creature/person”)
- *xudьcь (“coward, cracker”)
Related terms
- *kosa (“scythe, hair”)
- *kositi (“to mow (with a scythe)”)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: худъ (xudŭ), худꙑи (xudyj)
- Old Ruthenian: худы́й (xudýj)
- Belarusian: худы́ (xudý)
- Rusyn: худы́й (xudŷ́j)
- Pannonian Rusyn: худи́ (xudý)
- Ukrainian: худи́й (xudýj)
- Middle Russian: худы́й (xudýj)
- Russian: худо́й (xudój); худы́й (xudýj) (obsolete)
- Old Ruthenian: худы́й (xudýj)
- Old Novgorodian: худꙑи (xudyj)
- Old East Slavic: худъ (xudŭ), худꙑи (xudyj)
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
- Old Cyrillic: хоудъ (xudŭ)
- Glagolitic: ⱈⱆⰴⱏ (xudŭ)
- Russian Church Slavonic: хꙋдꙑи (xudyj)
- Bulgarian: худ (hud), ху́дый (húdyj); ху́ге (húge) (dialectal)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: ху̑д (dialectal, archaic)
- Latin: hȗd (dialectal, archaic)
- Slovene: hȗd (tonal orthography); hùd (dialectal)
- Old Church Slavonic:
- West Slavic:
- Old Czech: chudý
- Czech: chudý; chudej, chudy (dialectal)
- Moravian (Mistřice): chudí
- Czech: chudý; chudej, chudy (dialectal)
- Polabian: x́audĕ, cheudė
- Old Polish: chudy
- Polish: chudy
- Slovak: chudý
- Slovincian: χʉdḯ, χudi
- Sorbian:
- Lower Sorbian: chudy
- Upper Sorbian: khudy, chudy
- Old Czech: chudý
Further reading
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1981), “*xudъ(jь)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), volume 8 (*xa – *jьvьlga), Moscow: Nauka, page 111
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “худо́й”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Melnychuk, O. S., editor (2012), “худий”, in Етимологічний словник української мови: у 7 т. [Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 7 vols] (in Ukrainian), volume 6 (У – Я), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, →ISBN, page 219
- Shaposhnikov, A. K. (2010), “худой”, in Этимологический словарь современного русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Contemporary Russian Language] (in Russian), volume 2: (Начать – Я), Moscow: Flinta; Nauka, →ISBN, page 503
References
- Olander, Thomas (2001), “xudъ xuda xudo”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c dårlig, mager (SA 114; PR 138)”
- Snoj, Marko (2016), “hȗd”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar3 (in Slovene), https://fran.si: “*xȗdъ”
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*xȗdъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 205