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单词 士
释义

士

See also: 土 and ±
士 U+58EB, 士
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-58EB
← 壪
[U+58EA]		CJK Unified Ideographs壬 →
[U+58EC]
⼠ U+2F20, ⼠
KANGXI RADICAL SCHOLAR
← ⼟
[U+2F1F]		Kangxi Radicals⼡ →
[U+2F21]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

士 (Kangxi radical 33, 士+0, 3 strokes, cangjie input 十一 (JM), four-corner 40100, composition ⿱十一)

  1. Kangxi radical #33, ⼠.
  2. Shuowen Jiezi radical №9

Derived characters

  • Appendix:Chinese radical/士
  • 仕, 𫸑, 𢩿, 𬚯, 𥾘, 𧺑, 𬐂, 𪐢, 𫣸, 𤴶, 㐊, 吉, 志, 毐, 𰧭, 𥑟, 悫, 槖, 賣, 𧶠, 蠧, 𡆮, 𣪊, 𥒃

References

  • KangXi: page 242, character 38
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5638
  • Dae Jaweon: page 482, character 38
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 416, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+58EB

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 士
ShangWestern ZhouWarring StatesShuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone scriptBronze inscriptionsChu slip and silk scriptQin slip scriptSmall seal scriptTranscribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (士) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
茌*zrɯ
士*zrɯʔ
仕*zrɯʔ

Pictogram (象形) – axe-like tool; soldier.

Etymology 1

simp. and trad.
士
alternative forms土
"bachelor, man, male"
  • Reminiscent of Austroasiatic synonyms like Old Khmer si (“male”) or MK words for "man, male" like *ʔŋsiil, *ensir, *kəsəy on the Malay Peninsula; Schuessler (2007) noted that foreign *-r sometimes left traces in OC initial complex. These relations, if, valid, would keep 士1 "bachelor, man, male" distinct from 士2 "servant, retainer, officer, scholar".
"take or give an office, serve", "servant", "retainer", "officer", "scholar"
  • Schuessler (2007) noted that one could naturally assume the semantic development "male > man > servant > to serve" in order to posit that 士1 "bachelor, man, male" is the same word as 士2 "servant, retainer, officer, scholar". Yet, the exopassive derivation 事 (OC *ʔsrɯs, *zrɯs) "assignment, affair, thing" and Tibeto-Burman counterparts demonstrated no association with "man, maleness"; & "male" hardly derives from "to serve".
  • Therefore, Schuessler derived these forms from 理 (OC *rɯʔ) "envoy, jail official, matchmaker" & proposed ultimate Austroasiatic origins. In terms of phonology, MC *dʐ- normally does not occur with *l- and *ʂ in an ST word-family, apparently confirming a non-ST provenance; however, MC *dʐ- here could go back to OC *s-r- (unlike MC *ʂ-, which is from OC *sr)
  • Subsequenly, Schuessler posited either relation to Austroasiatic or OC loan into Tibeto-Burman as Proto-Tibeto-Burman *ʔ-dzəj (“send on an errant”) (Matisoff, 2003), whence Burmese စာ (ca, “thing”) & Tibetan རྫས (rdzas, “thing, matter, object”) (Gong, 1999). Even so, Tibeto-Burman cognates of this etymon and 所 (suǒ) are difficult to distinguish.

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Standard)
    (Pinyin): shì (shi4)
    (Zhuyin): ㄕˋ
    (Chengdu, SP): si4
  • Cantonese
    (Guangzhou, Jyutping): si6
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): lhu5
  • Gan (Wiktionary): si5
  • Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): sṳ
    (Meixian, Guangdong): si4
  • Jin (Wiktionary): si3
  • Min Bei (KCR): sū
  • Min Dong (BUC): sê̤ṳ
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): sū / sǐr / sǐ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): se6
  • Wu (Wiktionary): zr (T3)
  • Xiang (Wiktionary): sr4
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: shì
      • Zhuyin: ㄕˋ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: shìh
      • Wade–Giles: shih4
      • Yale: shr̀
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyh
      • Palladius: ши (ši)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
    • (Chengdu)
      • Sichuanese Pinyin: si4
      • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: s
      • Sinological IPA (key): /sz̩²¹³/
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: si6
      • Yale: sih
      • Cantonese Pinyin: si6
      • Guangdong Romanization: xi6
      • Sinological IPA (key): /siː²²/
    • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
      • Wiktionary: lhu5
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ɬu³²/
  • Gan
    • (Nanchang)
      • Wiktionary: si5
      • Sinological IPA (key): /sz̩¹¹/
  • Hakka
    • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sṳ
      • Hakka Romanization System: sii
      • Hagfa Pinyim: si4
      • Sinological IPA: /sɨ⁵⁵/
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: si4
      • Sinological IPA: /sz̩⁵³/
  • Jin
    • (Taiyuan)+
      • Wiktionary: si3
      • Sinological IPA (old-style): /sz̩⁴⁵/
  • Min Bei
    • (Jian'ou)
      • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: sū
      • Sinological IPA (key): /su⁵⁵/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: sê̤ṳ
      • Sinological IPA (key): /søy²⁴²/
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sū
      • Tâi-lô: sū
      • Phofsit Daibuun: su
      • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /su³³/
      • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /su²²/
    • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sǐr
      • Tâi-lô: sǐr
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /sɯ²²/
    • (Hokkien: Philippines)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sǐ
      • Tâi-lô: sǐ
      • IPA (Philippines): /ɕi³³/
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: se6
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sṳ̆
      • Sinological IPA (key): /sɯ³⁵/
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: zr (T3)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /z̥z̩²³/
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: sr4
      • Sinological IPA (key): /sz̩⁴⁵/
  • Dialectal data
VarietyLocation
edit
士
MandarinBeijing/ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
Harbin/ʂʐ̩⁵³/
Tianjin/sz̩⁵³/
Jinan/ʂʐ̩²¹/
Qingdao/ʂʐ̩⁴²/
Zhengzhou/ʂʐ̩³¹²/
Xi'an/sz̩⁴⁴/
Xining/sz̩²¹³/
Yinchuan/ʂʐ̩¹³/
Lanzhou/ʂʐ̩¹³/
Ürümqi/sz̩²¹³/
Wuhan/sz̩³⁵/
Chengdu/sz̩¹³/
Guiyang/sz̩²¹³/
Kunming/sz̩²¹²/
Nanjing/sz̩⁴⁴/
Hefei/sz̩⁵³/
JinTaiyuan/sz̩⁴⁵/
Pingyao/sz̩³⁵/
Hohhot/sz̩⁵⁵/
WuShanghai/zz̩²³/
Suzhou/zz̩³¹/
Hangzhou/zz̩¹³/
Wenzhou/zz̩³⁵/
HuiShexian/sz̩²²/
Tunxi/sz̩¹¹/
XiangChangsha/sz̩⁵⁵/
Xiangtan/sz̩⁵⁵/
GanNanchang/sz̩²¹/
HakkaMeixian/sz̩⁵³/
Taoyuan/sï⁵⁵/
CantoneseGuangzhou/si²²/
Nanning/sz̩²²/
Hong Kong/si²²/
MinXiamen (Min Nan)/su²²/
Fuzhou (Min Dong)/søy²⁴²/
Jian'ou (Min Bei)/su⁴⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan)/sɯ³⁵/
Haikou (Min Nan)/si³³/
  • Middle Chinese: /d͡ʒɨX/
Rime
Character士
Reading #1/1
Initial (聲)崇 (20)
Final (韻)之 (19)
Tone (調)Rising (X)
Openness (開合)Open
Division (等)III
Fanqie鉏里切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/d͡ʒɨX/
Pan
Wuyun		/ɖ͡ʐɨX/
Shao
Rongfen		/d͡ʒieX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/ɖ͡ʐɨX/
Li
Rong		/d͡ʒiəX/
Wang
Li		/d͡ʒĭəX/
Bernard
Karlgren		/ɖ͡ʐʱiX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		zhì
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		zi6
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[m-s-]rəʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*zrɯʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character士
Reading #1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		shì
Middle
Chinese		‹ dzriX ›
Old
Chinese		/*[m-s-]rəʔ/
Englishofficer; gentleman

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character士
Reading #1/1
No.11511
Phonetic
component		士
Rime
group		之
Rime
subdivision		0
Corresponding
MC rime		士
Old
Chinese		/*zrɯʔ/

Definitions

士

  1. (obsolete) unmarried male; bachelor
    • 求我庶士、迨其吉兮。 [Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
      From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
      Qiú wǒ shù shì, dài qí jí xī. [Pinyin]
      For those many bachelors who seek me, now is favorably timely.
  2. (obsolete) (honorific) man
    • 女曰：「雞鳴。」士曰：「昧旦。」 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
      女曰：“鸡鸣。”士曰：“昧旦。” [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
      Nǚ yuē: “Jīmíng.” Shì yuē: “Mèidàn.” [Pinyin]
      I the wife say: "It is the cock-crow." Ye the husband say: "It is grey-dawn."
    • 士為知己者死，女為悅己者容。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      士为知己者死，女为悦己者容。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: Zhanguo Ce, circa 5th – 3rd centuries BCE
      Shì wèi zhījǐzhě sǐ, nǚ wèi yuèjǐzhě róng. [Pinyin]
      A man will die for one who understands him, a lady will adorn herself for one who loves her.
  3. (obsolete) general; high-ranking military officer
  4. (obsolete) soldier; noncommissioned officer
    士兵  ―  shìbīng  ―  soldier
  5. (historical) scholar-official (civil servant appointed by the emperor of China to perform day-to-day governance)
  6. (historical) self-appellation used by scholar-officials in ancient China, when addressing the emperor: I; subject
  7. (historical) a social stratum in ancient China
    • 無恆產而有恆心者，惟士為能。若民，則無恆產，因無恆心。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      无恒产而有恒心者，惟士为能。若民，则无恒产，因无恒心。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
      Wú héngchǎn ér yǒu héngxīn zhě, wéi shì wéi néng. Ruò mín, zé wú héngchǎn, yīn wú héngxīn. [Pinyin]
      They are only men of education (i.e., the shi), who, without a certain livelihood, are able to maintain a fixed heart. As to the people (i.e. lower commoners), if they have not a certain livelihood, it follows that they will not have a fixed heart.
    • 士貴耳，王者不貴。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      士贵耳，王者不贵。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: Zhanguo Ce, circa 5th – 3rd centuries BCE
      Shì guì ěr, wángzhě bù guì. [Pinyin]
      It is the shi that is noble, not the king.
    • 民之愚，不學而已；士之愚，則學非所學而益愚。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      民之愚，不学而已；士之愚，则学非所学而益愚。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: 1903. Zou Rong, The Revolutionary Army
      Mín zhī yú, bù xué éryǐ; shì zhī yú, zé xué fēi suǒ xué ér yì yú. [Pinyin]
      The uneducated commoners are ignorant simply because they do not study. The shi studies what is not worth studying, thus he becomes even more stupid.
  8. scholar; academic; intellectual; intelligentsia
    博士  ―  bóshì  ―  doctor; doctoral degree
    院士  ―  yuànshì  ―  academician
  9. (honorific, obsolete) suffix for a virtuous, knowledgeable or skilled person: commendable person
    女士  ―  nǚshì  ―  Lady
    護士／护士  ―  hùshì  ―  nurse
    人士  ―  rénshì  ―  public figure
    助產士／助产士  ―  zhùchǎnshì  ―  midwife
  10. (xiangqi) adviser; guard; minister (usually only on the black side, in some sets on both red and black sides)
  11. (obsolete) Alternative form of 仕 (shì, “to be an official”).
  12. a surname
Usage notes
  • 士 is commonly used to render the /s/ sound (not followed by a vowel) in foreign names, e.g. 威士忌 (wēishìjì, “whiskey”), 巴士 (bāshì, “bus”), which is from Cantonese usage.
Coordinate terms
  • (Chinese chess pieces) 帥／帅/將／将, 仕/士, 相/象, 俥／伡/車／车, 傌／骂/馬／马, 炮/砲／炮, 兵/卒

Compounds

Derived terms from 士

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (士):
  • → Japanese: 士(し) (shi)
  • → Korean: 사(士) (sa)
  • → Vietnamese: sĩ (士)

Etymology 2

simp. and trad.
士

Pronunciation

  • Cantonese (Jyutping): si6
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: si6
      • Yale: sih
      • Cantonese Pinyin: si6
      • Guangdong Romanization: xi6
      • Sinological IPA (key): /siː²²/

Definitions

士

  1. (music) Cantonese opera gongche notation for the note low la (6̣).
    Synonym: 四 (sì) (Kunqu)

Derived terms

  • 仕 (si6) (Cantonese)

Etymology 3

For pronunciation and definitions of 士 – see 土 (“earth; soil; dust; etc.”).
(This character, 士, is a variant form of 土.)

References

  • “士”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學／香港中文大学 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
  • Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00831
  • Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00740-002

Japanese

Kanji

士

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

  • Go-on: じ (ji)
  • Kan-on: し (shi, Jōyō)
  • Kun: さむらい (samurai, 士); つかさ (tsukasa)
  • Nanori: ひと (hito)

Compounds

Compounds
  • 会(かい)計(けい)士(し) (kaikeishi)
  • 騎(き)士(し) (kishi): knight
  • 士(し)卒(そつ) (shisotsu): officers and soldiers, soldiers
  • 戦(せん)士(し) (senshi): soldier, warrior
  • 博(はか)士(せ) (hakase): doctor (degree)
  • 武(ぶ)士(し) (bushi)
  • 学(がく)士(し) (gakushi): a graduate (from a university)
Kanji in this term
士
し
Grade: 5
on’yomi

Pronunciation

  • On’yomi: Kan’on
    • (Tokyo) し​ [shíꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])[1][2]
    • IPA(key): [ɕi]

Noun

士(し) • (shi) 

  1. samurai, warrior

Suffix

士(し) • (-shi) 

  1. person with a certain qualification.
    弁護(べんご)士(し)
    bengoshi
    a lawyer
    会計(かいけい)士(し)
    kaikeishi
    an accountant

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
士
さむらい
Grade: 5
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 士 – see the following entry.
【侍さむらい】S
[noun] (historical) a warrior class in medieval and pre-modern Japan; samurai
[noun] one who serves nearby:
[noun] a servant
[noun] a retainer
[noun] Short for 侍所 (samurai-dokoro): the Board of Retainers in the Kamakura and Muromachi periods.
[noun] an above-average person
(This term, 士, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

References

  1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 士 (MC d͡ʒɨX).

Historical readings
  • Recorded as Middle Korean ᄊᆞᆼ〯 (Yale: ssǒ) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
  • Recorded as Middle Korean ᄉᆞ〮 (só) (Yale: só) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Pronunciation

  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [sʰa̠(ː)]
  • Phonetic hangul: [사(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource士 (eumhun 선비 사 (seonbi sa))

  1. Hanja form? of 사 (“scholar; gentleman; soldier”).

Compounds

Compounds
  • 석사 (碩士, seoksa, “master's degree”)
  • 박사 (博士, baksa, “doctor”)
  • 군사 (軍士, gunsa, “soldier”)
  • 전사 (戰士, jeonsa, “warrior”)
  • 조종사 (操縱士, jojongsa, “pilot”)
  • 변호사 (辯護士, byeonhosa, “lawyer”)
  • 최면술사 (催眠術士, choemyeonsulsa, “hypnotist”)

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

士: Hán Nôm readings: sĩ, sỹ

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

  • Nom Foundation
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