勇む
Japanese
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 勇 |
| いさ Grade: 4 |
Etymology
From Old Japanese. Initial いさ (isa) portion shares its origin with the old isa reading for of 鯨 (“whale”). Ending む (mu) is likely the old auxiliary verb む, expressing intent, desire, or estimation.
Homophonic with archaic 営む (“to do business”), and archaic 諫む/諌む (“to admonish”), but semantic relationship is unclear.
Verb
勇む (intransitive, godan conjugation, hiragana いさむ, rōmaji isamu)
- to be in high spirits, enthusiastic; to be brave or courageous
- (archaic) to whinny
- This sense is usually expressed using the word 嘶く (inanaku). However, the ending naku portion is homophonic with 泣く (“to cry, to weep”), and as such this word was treated as somewhat taboo by soldiers, who thus used isamu instead.
- (archaic) to blow a horn as a signal in a naval battle
勇む (transitive, godan conjugation, hiragana いさむ, rōmaji isamu)
- (archaic) to encourage, to cheer someone up
Conjugation
Conjugation of "勇む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Imperfective (未然形) | 勇ま | いさま | isama |
| Continuative (連用形) | 勇み | いさみ | isami |
| Terminal (終止形) | 勇む | いさむ | isamu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 勇む | いさむ | isamu |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 勇め | いさめ | isame |
| Imperative (命令形) | 勇め | いさめ | isame |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 勇まれる | いさまれる | isamareru |
| Causative | 勇ませる 勇ます | いさませる いさます | isamaseru isamasu |
| Potential | 勇める | いさめる | isameru |
| Volitional | 勇もう | いさもう | isamō |
| Negative | 勇まない | いさまない | isamanai |
| Negative continuative | 勇まず | いさまず | isamazu |
| Formal | 勇みます | いさみます | isamimasu |
| Perfective | 勇んだ | いさんだ | isanda |
| Conjunctive | 勇んで | いさんで | isande |
| Hypothetical conditional | 勇めば | いさめば | isameba |
Synonyms
- (encourage): 勇める (isameru)
- (whinny): 嘶く (inanaku)