سخل

سخل

Arabic

Etymology

As in some Bedouinic dialects also with the first and last consonant emphatic (صَحَل‎ (ṣaḥaḷ), maybe from Sanskrit छागल (chāgala), छाग (chāga, “goat”), but in an original meaning of a newborn kid, with the meanings of “imperfect” dates or anything imperfect transferred, and from the brutal process of birth a denominal verb “taking or driving out by force”; though Freytag compares to خَسَلَ‎ (ḵasala, “to reject, to cast out”), خُسَّل‎ (ḵussal, “debile, vile”), which he relates further to حِسْل‎ (ḥisl, “young of a spiny tailed lizard”), حَسِيل‎ (ḥasīl, “bull calves; flock of cows”), حَسَلَ‎ (ḥasala, “to propel vehemently”), which also contains a shape حُسَالَة‎ (ḥusāla, “rejected or filed off things; dregs”) mirroring سُخَالَة‎ (suḵāla, “rejected parts of things”), over which he leads us to well-known حُثَالَة‎ (ḥuṯāla, “dregs, refuse of any crop”), Jewish Babylonian Aramaic מַתְחֲלָא‎ (maṯḥălā, “calyx surrounding the date in its early state, or spathe of a date-palm”), Ancient Greek μᾰσχᾰ́λη (maskhálē, “axil, hollow at the base of a shoot; branch, young palm twig”). In view of خ ث ث‎ (ḵ-ṯ-ṯ) there could be an original biconsonantal base.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /saxl/

Noun

سَخْل • (saḵl) m (collective, singulative سَخْلَة‎ f (saḵla), plural سِخَال‎ (siḵāl) or سُخْلَان‎ (suḵlān) or سِخَلَة‎ (siḵala))

1. offspring of a sheep or (more widely) a goat; lamb or kid
   • 7th century CE, Sunan Abī Dāwud, 1:142:

     ‏بَيْنَا نَحْنُ مَعَ رَسُولِ ٱللّٰهِ صَلَّى ٱللّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ جُلُوسٌ إِذْ دَفَعَ الرَّاعِي غَنَمَهُ إِلَى الْمُرَاحِ وَمَعَهُ سَخْلَةٌ تَيْعَرُ‎

     baynā naḥnu maʿa rasūli llāhi ṣallā llāhu ʿalayhi wasallama julūsun ʾiḏ dafaʿa r-rāʿī ḡanamahu ʾilā l-murāḥi wa-maʿa-hū saḵlatun tayʿaru

     We were sitting in the company of the Messenger of God (PBUH) when we saw that a shepherd was driving a herd of sheep to their fold. He had with him a newly-born lamb that was crying.

2. (Iraq, Khuzistan) goat

Declension

Declension of noun سَخْل (saḵl)

Singular	basic singular triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	سَخْل saḵl	السَّخْل‎ as-saḵl	سَخْل saḵl
Nominative	سَخْلٌ saḵlun	السَّخْلُ‎ as-saḵlu	سَخْلُ saḵlu
Accusative	سَخْلًا‎ saḵlan	السَّخْلَ‎ as-saḵla	سَخْلَ saḵla
Genitive	سَخْلٍ saḵlin	السَّخْلِ‎ as-saḵli	سَخْلِ saḵli
Dual	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	سَخْلَيْن‎ saḵlayn	السَّخْلَيْن‎ as-saḵlayn	سَخْلَيْ‎ saḵlay
Nominative	سَخْلَانِ‎ saḵlāni	السَّخْلَانِ‎ as-saḵlāni	سَخْلَا‎ saḵlā
Accusative	سَخْلَيْنِ‎ saḵlayni	السَّخْلَيْنِ‎ as-saḵlayni	سَخْلَيْ‎ saḵlay
Genitive	سَخْلَيْنِ‎ saḵlayni	السَّخْلَيْنِ‎ as-saḵlayni	سَخْلَيْ‎ saḵlay
Plural	basic broken plural triptote‎; broken plural triptote in ـَة (-a)
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	سِخَال‎‎; سُخْلَان‎‎; سِخَلَة‎ siḵāl‎; suḵlān‎; siḵala	السِّخَال‎‎; السُّخْلَان‎‎; السِّخَلَة‎ as-siḵāl‎; as-suḵlān‎; as-siḵala	سِخَال‎‎; سُخْلَان‎‎; سِخَلَة‎ siḵāl‎; suḵlān‎; siḵalat
Nominative	سِخَالٌ‎‎; سُخْلَانٌ‎‎; سِخَلَةٌ‎ siḵālun‎; suḵlānun‎; siḵalatun	السِّخَالُ‎‎; السُّخْلَانُ‎‎; السِّخَلَةُ‎ as-siḵālu‎; as-suḵlānu‎; as-siḵalatu	سِخَالُ‎‎; سُخْلَانُ‎‎; سِخَلَةُ‎ siḵālu‎; suḵlānu‎; siḵalatu
Accusative	سِخَالًا‎‎; سُخْلَانًا‎‎; سِخَلَةً‎ siḵālan‎; suḵlānan‎; siḵalatan	السِّخَالَ‎‎; السُّخْلَانَ‎‎; السِّخَلَةَ‎ as-siḵāla‎; as-suḵlāna‎; as-siḵalata	سِخَالَ‎‎; سُخْلَانَ‎‎; سِخَلَةَ‎ siḵāla‎; suḵlāna‎; siḵalata
Genitive	سِخَالٍ‎‎; سُخْلَانٍ‎‎; سِخَلَةٍ‎ siḵālin‎; suḵlānin‎; siḵalatin	السِّخَالِ‎‎; السُّخْلَانِ‎‎; السِّخَلَةِ‎ as-siḵāli‎; as-suḵlāni‎; as-siḵalati	سِخَالِ‎‎; سُخْلَانِ‎‎; سِخَلَةِ‎ siḵāli‎; suḵlāni‎; siḵalati

Verb

سَخَلَ • (saḵala) I, non-past يَسْخَلُ‎‎ (yasḵalu) (obsolete)

1. to repel, to drive away, to banish
2. to take by deceit or by seizure

Conjugation

Conjugation of

سَخَلَ

(form-I sound, verbal noun سَخْل)

verbal noun الْمَصْدَر						سَخْل saḵl
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل						سَاخِل‎ sāḵil
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول						مَسْخُول‎ masḵūl
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	سَخَلْتُ‎ saḵaltu	سَخَلْتَ‎ saḵalta	سَخَلَ saḵala		سَخَلْتُمَا‎ saḵaltumā	سَخَلَا‎ saḵalā		سَخَلْنَا‎ saḵalnā	سَخَلْتُمْ‎ saḵaltum	سَخَلُوا‎ saḵalū
	f		سَخَلْتِ‎ saḵalti	سَخَلَتْ‎ saḵalat			سَخَلَتَا‎ saḵalatā			سَخَلْتُنَّ‎ saḵaltunna	سَخَلْنَ‎ saḵalna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أَسْخَلُ‎ ʾasḵalu	تَسْخَلُ‎ tasḵalu	يَسْخَلُ‎ yasḵalu		تَسْخَلَانِ‎ tasḵalāni	يَسْخَلَانِ‎ yasḵalāni		نَسْخَلُ‎ nasḵalu	تَسْخَلُونَ‎ tasḵalūna	يَسْخَلُونَ‎ yasḵalūna
	f		تَسْخَلِينَ‎ tasḵalīna	تَسْخَلُ‎ tasḵalu			تَسْخَلَانِ‎ tasḵalāni			تَسْخَلْنَ‎ tasḵalna	يَسْخَلْنَ‎ yasḵalna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أَسْخَلَ‎ ʾasḵala	تَسْخَلَ‎ tasḵala	يَسْخَلَ‎ yasḵala		تَسْخَلَا‎ tasḵalā	يَسْخَلَا‎ yasḵalā		نَسْخَلَ‎ nasḵala	تَسْخَلُوا‎ tasḵalū	يَسْخَلُوا‎ yasḵalū
	f		تَسْخَلِي‎ tasḵalī	تَسْخَلَ‎ tasḵala			تَسْخَلَا‎ tasḵalā			تَسْخَلْنَ‎ tasḵalna	يَسْخَلْنَ‎ yasḵalna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أَسْخَلْ‎ ʾasḵal	تَسْخَلْ‎ tasḵal	يَسْخَلْ‎ yasḵal		تَسْخَلَا‎ tasḵalā	يَسْخَلَا‎ yasḵalā		نَسْخَلْ‎ nasḵal	تَسْخَلُوا‎ tasḵalū	يَسْخَلُوا‎ yasḵalū
	f		تَسْخَلِي‎ tasḵalī	تَسْخَلْ‎ tasḵal			تَسْخَلَا‎ tasḵalā			تَسْخَلْنَ‎ tasḵalna	يَسْخَلْنَ‎ yasḵalna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		اِسْخَلْ‎ isḵal			اِسْخَلَا‎ isḵalā				اِسْخَلُوا‎ isḵalū
	f		اِسْخَلِي‎ isḵalī							اِسْخَلْنَ‎ isḵalna
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	سُخِلْتُ‎ suḵiltu	سُخِلْتَ‎ suḵilta	سُخِلَ suḵila		سُخِلْتُمَا‎ suḵiltumā	سُخِلَا‎ suḵilā		سُخِلْنَا‎ suḵilnā	سُخِلْتُمْ‎ suḵiltum	سُخِلُوا‎ suḵilū
	f		سُخِلْتِ‎ suḵilti	سُخِلَتْ‎ suḵilat			سُخِلَتَا‎ suḵilatā			سُخِلْتُنَّ‎ suḵiltunna	سُخِلْنَ‎ suḵilna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُسْخَلُ‎ ʾusḵalu	تُسْخَلُ‎ tusḵalu	يُسْخَلُ‎ yusḵalu		تُسْخَلَانِ‎ tusḵalāni	يُسْخَلَانِ‎ yusḵalāni		نُسْخَلُ‎ nusḵalu	تُسْخَلُونَ‎ tusḵalūna	يُسْخَلُونَ‎ yusḵalūna
	f		تُسْخَلِينَ‎ tusḵalīna	تُسْخَلُ‎ tusḵalu			تُسْخَلَانِ‎ tusḵalāni			تُسْخَلْنَ‎ tusḵalna	يُسْخَلْنَ‎ yusḵalna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُسْخَلَ‎ ʾusḵala	تُسْخَلَ‎ tusḵala	يُسْخَلَ‎ yusḵala		تُسْخَلَا‎ tusḵalā	يُسْخَلَا‎ yusḵalā		نُسْخَلَ‎ nusḵala	تُسْخَلُوا‎ tusḵalū	يُسْخَلُوا‎ yusḵalū
	f		تُسْخَلِي‎ tusḵalī	تُسْخَلَ‎ tusḵala			تُسْخَلَا‎ tusḵalā			تُسْخَلْنَ‎ tusḵalna	يُسْخَلْنَ‎ yusḵalna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُسْخَلْ‎ ʾusḵal	تُسْخَلْ‎ tusḵal	يُسْخَلْ‎ yusḵal		تُسْخَلَا‎ tusḵalā	يُسْخَلَا‎ yusḵalā		نُسْخَلْ‎ nusḵal	تُسْخَلُوا‎ tusḵalū	يُسْخَلُوا‎ yusḵalū
	f		تُسْخَلِي‎ tusḵalī	تُسْخَلْ‎ tusḵal			تُسْخَلَا‎ tusḵalā			تُسْخَلْنَ‎ tusḵalna	يُسْخَلْنَ‎ yusḵalna

Noun

سُخَّل • (suḵḵal) m

1. weak dates, dates feeble in the stones and/or flesh, dates which are imperfect as incomplete

   Synonym: شِيص‎ (šīṣ)

Declension

Declension of noun سُخَّل (suḵḵal)

Singular	basic singular triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	سُخَّل suḵḵal	السُّخَّل‎ as-suḵḵal	سُخَّل suḵḵal
Nominative	سُخَّلٌ suḵḵalun	السُّخَّلُ‎ as-suḵḵalu	سُخَّلُ suḵḵalu
Accusative	سُخَّلًا‎ suḵḵalan	السُّخَّلَ‎ as-suḵḵala	سُخَّلَ suḵḵala
Genitive	سُخَّلٍ suḵḵalin	السُّخَّلِ‎ as-suḵḵali	سُخَّلِ suḵḵali

Adjective

سُخَّل • (suḵḵal) (common plural سُخَّل (suḵḵal))

1. feeble, weak, imperfect or incomplete
2. low, ignoble, mean, base, vile

Declension

Declension of adjective سُخَّل (suḵḵal)

Singular	Masculine		Feminine
	basic singular triptote		basic singular triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Informal	سُخَّل suḵḵal	السُّخَّل‎ as-suḵḵal	سُخَّل suḵḵal	السُّخَّل‎ as-suḵḵal
Nominative	سُخَّلٌ suḵḵalun	السُّخَّلُ‎ as-suḵḵalu	سُخَّلٌ suḵḵalun	السُّخَّلُ‎ as-suḵḵalu
Accusative	سُخَّلًا‎ suḵḵalan	السُّخَّلَ‎ as-suḵḵala	سُخَّلًا‎ suḵḵalan	السُّخَّلَ‎ as-suḵḵala
Genitive	سُخَّلٍ suḵḵalin	السُّخَّلِ‎ as-suḵḵali	سُخَّلٍ suḵḵalin	السُّخَّلِ‎ as-suḵḵali
Dual	Masculine		Feminine
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Informal	سُخَّل suḵḵal	السُّخَّل‎ as-suḵḵal	سُخَّل suḵḵal	السُّخَّل‎ as-suḵḵal
Nominative	سُخَّلٌ suḵḵalun	السُّخَّلُ‎ as-suḵḵalu	سُخَّلٌ suḵḵalun	السُّخَّلُ‎ as-suḵḵalu
Accusative	سُخَّلًا‎ suḵḵalan	السُّخَّلَ‎ as-suḵḵala	سُخَّلًا‎ suḵḵalan	السُّخَّلَ‎ as-suḵḵala
Genitive	سُخَّلٍ suḵḵalin	السُّخَّلِ‎ as-suḵḵali	سُخَّلٍ suḵḵalin	السُّخَّلِ‎ as-suḵḵali
Plural	Masculine		Feminine
	basic broken plural triptote		basic broken plural triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Informal	سُخَّل suḵḵal	السُّخَّل‎ as-suḵḵal	سُخَّل suḵḵal	السُّخَّل‎ as-suḵḵal
Nominative	سُخَّلٌ suḵḵalun	السُّخَّلُ‎ as-suḵḵalu	سُخَّلٌ suḵḵalun	السُّخَّلُ‎ as-suḵḵalu
Accusative	سُخَّلًا‎ suḵḵalan	السُّخَّلَ‎ as-suḵḵala	سُخَّلًا‎ suḵḵalan	السُّخَّلَ‎ as-suḵḵala
Genitive	سُخَّلٍ suḵḵalin	السُّخَّلِ‎ as-suḵḵali	سُخَّلٍ suḵḵalin	السُّخَّلِ‎ as-suḵḵali

Alternative forms

• سُخَّال‎ (suḵḵāl)

References

• Behnstedt, Peter; Woidich, Manfred (2010) Wortatlas der arabischen Dialekte – Band I: Mensch, Natur, Fauna und Flora (Handbook of Oriental Studies – Handbuch der Orientalistik; 100) (in German), Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, DOI:10.1163/9789004224674, →ISBN, pages 266–276
• Freytag, Georg (1833), “سخل”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum (in Latin), volume 2, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 296
• Kazimirski, Albin de Biberstein (1860), “سخل”, in Dictionnaire arabe-français contenant toutes les racines de la langue arabe, leurs dérivés, tant dans l’idiome vulgaire que dans l’idiome littéral, ainsi que les dialectes d’Alger et de Maroc (in French), volume 1, Paris: Maisonneuve et C^ie, page 1066
• Lane, Edward William (1863), “سخل”, in Arabic-English Lexicon, London: Williams & Norgate, page 1325b–1325a