< Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic
Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/yad-
 | This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Semitic
Noun
*yad- f
- hand
Inflection
Declension of *yad-
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *yadum | *yadāna | plural stem + *-ūna | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genitive | *yadim | *yadayna | plural stem + *-īna | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accusative | *yadam | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| possessive forms | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1st person | *yadī / *yadVya | — | *yadVni | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd person m | *yadVka | *yadVkumā / *yadVkumay | *yadVkum(ū) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd person f | *yadVki | *yadVkin(ā) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd person m | *yadVšu | *yadVšumā / *yadVšumay | *yadVšum(ū) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd person f | *yadVša | *yadVšin(ā) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible. Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *yaduya for nom. case, *yadiya for gen. case, *yadaya for acc. case, etc. Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *yad-
Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *yad-
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Declension of *yad-
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *yadum | *yadāna | *yadātum | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genitive | *yadim | *yadayna | *yadātim | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accusative | *yadam | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| possessive forms | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1st person | *yadī / *yadVya | — | *yadVni | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd person m | *yadVka | *yadVkumā / *yadVkumay | *yadVkum(ū) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd person f | *yadVki | *yadVkin(ā) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd person m | *yadVšu | *yadVšumā / *yadVšumay | *yadVšum(ū) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd person f | *yadVša | *yadVšin(ā) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible. Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *yaduya for nom. case, *yadiya for gen. case, *yadaya for acc. case, etc. Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *yad-
Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *yad-
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Reconstruction notes
The stem *ʔid- appears in multiple branches, raising the question of whether the usual reconstruction is maximally parsimonious.
Descendants
- East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒀉 (idum, “arm”)
- West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
- Arabic: يَد (yad)
- Egyptian Arabic: ايد (īd)
- Gulf Arabic: ايد (īd)
- Maltese: id, jedd
- Moroccan Arabic: يد (yadd, yidd), ايد (ʔīd)
- Northwest Semitic:
- Aramaic: יְדָא (yəḏā), יַד (yaḏ)
- Classical Syriac: ܐܺܝܕܳܐ (ʾīḏā)
- Canaanite:
- Hebrew: יָד (yad, yāḏ)
- Phoenician: 𐤉𐤃 (yd)
- Ugaritic: 𐎊𐎄 (yd /yadu/)
- Aramaic: יְדָא (yəḏā), יַד (yaḏ)
- Old South Arabian:
- Minaean: 𐩺𐩵 (yd)
- Old South Arabian: 𐩺𐩵 (yd)
- Qatabanian: 𐩺𐩵 (yd)
- Sabaean: 𐩺𐩵 (yd)
- Arabic: يَد (yad)
- Ethiopian Semitic:
- Amharic: እጅ (ʾəǧǧ)
- Ge'ez: እድ (ʾəd)
- Tigre: እዴ (ʾəde)
- Tigrinya: ኢድ (ʾid)
- Central Semitic:
References
- Kogan, Leonid (2015) Genealogical Classification of Semitic. The Lexical Isoglosses, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN
- Huehnergard, John (2019), “Proto-Semitic”, in Huehnergard, John and Na'ama Pat-El, editors, The Semitic Languages, 2nd edition, Routledge, →ISBN