Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/Hacangáh

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Alternative forms

*Haĉanáh

Etymology

Perhaps from earlier *Hacanáh (compare Old Avestan 𐬀𐬯𐬇𐬥𐬋‎ (asə̄nō)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Haćanás, genitive singular of *Háćmā (“stone”). Cognate with Sanskrit अशन् (áśan), अश्नस् (áśnas), अश्ना (áśnā, “stone”, instr.).

Noun

*Hacangáh[1][2]

stone, rock
weight

Inflection

masculine a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*Hacangáh	*Hacangā́	*Hacangā́
vocative	*Hacanga	*Hacangā́	*Hacangā́
accusative	*Hacangám	*Hacangā́	*Hacangā́nh
instrumental	*Hacangā́	*HacangáybyaH	*Hacangā́yš
ablative	*Hacangā́t	*HacangáybyaH	*Hacangáybyah
dative	*Hacangā́y	*HacangáybyaH	*Hacangáybyah
genitive	*Hacangáhya	*Hacangáyāh	*Hacangā́nam
locative	*Hacangáy	*Hacangáyaw	*Hacangáyšu

Related terms

*Hácmā
*Hacrah

Descendants

Central Iranian:
- Old Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬇𐬥𐬋‎ (asə̄nō)
  - Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬆𐬥𐬔𐬀‎ (asənga)
Northeastern Iranian:
- Scythian:
  - Khotanese: [script needed] (sam̥ggä)[3]
  - Ossetian:
    Digor: дзӕнхъа (ʒænqa), дзӕгъгъа (ʒæǧǧa)
    Iron: дзӕнгъа (ʒænǧa)
- Sogdo-Bactrian:
  - Bactrian: ασαγγο (asaggo /asaŋg/)
  - Khwarezmian: [script needed] (snk)
  - Proto-Sogdic:
    - Sogdian: (/śaṁg(ā)/)
      Buddhist: [script needed] (snk), [script needed] (snk')
      Manichaean: 𐫘𐫗𐫃‎ (sng)
      Sogdian: 𐼼𐼻𐼲‎ (snɣ) (Christian)
    - Yagnobi: sánk, sánka, sang
Southeastern Iranian:
- Ishkashimi: [script needed] (sůng)
- Sanglechi: [script needed] (song)
Northwestern Iranian:
- Baluchi: سنگ‎ (sing, sang)
- Caspian:
  - Gilaki: سنگ‎ (səng)
  - Shahmirzadi: سنگ‎ (sang)
- Kurdish:
  Northern Kurdish: seng (“weight”)
  Central Kurdish: سەنگ‎ (seng, “weight”)
  ⇒ Central Kurdish: سەنگاندن‎ (sengandin), ھەڵ-سەنگاندن‎ (hell-sengandin, “to weigh, compare, evaluate”)
- Old Median: *asangə́h
  - Middle Median: *sang
    - Kermanic: سنگ‎ (seng, sang, säng), سینگ‎ (sēng)
    - Proto-Tatic:
      - Talysh:
        Northern Talysh: سق‎ (sığ)
      - Old Tati:
        Old Azari: سغ‎ (sağ)
        Karingani: saǧ, sax
        Harzani: səǧ
  - → Elamite:
    Achaemenid Elamite: 𒀾𒃻𒀭𒋡 (áš-šá-an-ka₄ /ášanka/)
- Parthian: (/asang/)
  Manichaean: 𐫀𐫘𐫗𐫃‎ (ʾsng), 𐫀𐫘𐫗𐫗𐫃‎ (ʾsnng)
- Semnani:
  - Lasgerdi: سنگ (sang)
  - Sangisari: سنگ (sang)
  - Semnani: [script needed] (song)
  - Sorkhei: [script needed] (sɒng)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Larestani–Gulf:
  - Lari: سنگ‎ (sang)
  - Southwestern Fars: سنگ (sæng)
- Old Persian: 𐎠𐎰𐎥 (a-θ-g /aθaⁿga/)
  - Middle Persian: (/sang/)
    Book Pahlavi: 𐮽𐮵𐯋𐮲‎ (sng), [script needed] (KYPA)
    - Bakhtiari: سنگ‎ (sang)
    - Classical Persian: سنگ‎ (sang)
      - Coptic: ⲃⲁⲥⲛϭ (basnc)
      - Hindustani:
        Hindi: संग (saṅg)
        Urdu: سنگ‎ (saṅg)
      - Ottoman Turkish: سنگ‎ (seng)
  - Zazaki: si(g)

References

Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–), “*aśanga-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 238
Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎, Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 198
Bailey, H. W. (1979) Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 417a

[ESIJa-1] Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–), “*aśanga-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 238

[2] Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎, Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 198

[3] Bailey, H. W. (1979) Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 417a