Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/úštras

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

Uncertain; possibly:

from Proto-Indo-European *úǵtr-o-s, from *uǵ-tḗr ~ *uǵ-trés +‎ *-os, from *weǵ- (“to increase; to be strong”) +‎ *-tḗr,[1]
from Proto-Indo-European *ústr-o-s, from *us-tḗr ~ *us-trés (“inseminator”) +‎ *-os, from *wes- (“wet, damp”) +‎ *-tḗr,[2]
or borrowed from a substrate language[3][4], perhaps via Proto-Indo-European *ūsros (“aurochs”), compare Proto-Germanic *ūraz (“aurochs”).[5]

Noun

*úštras m

camel
buffalo

Declension

masculine a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*úštras	*úštrā	*úštrā, -ās(as)
vocative	*úštra	*úštrā	*úštrā, -ās(as)
accusative	*úštram	*úštrā	*úštrāns
instrumental	*úštrā	*úštraybʰyaH, -ābʰyām	*úštrāyš
ablative	*úštrāt	*úštraybʰyaH, -ābʰyām	*úštraybʰyas
dative	*úštrāy	*úštraybʰyaH, -ābʰyām	*úštraybʰyas
genitive	*úštrasya	*úštrayās	*úštrāna(H)m
locative	*úštray	*úštrayaw	*úštrayšu

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *úṣṭras
- Sanskrit: उष्ट्र (úṣṭra) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Iranian: *úštrah (see there for further descendants)

References

Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), “ústra-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 237-238
Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 3. u̯es- of 1171-1173
Lubotsky, Alexander (1999), “The Indo-Iranian substratum”, in Early Contacts between Uralic and Indo-European: Linguistic and Archaeological Considerations‎, Helsinki
Schmitt, Rüdiger (2017–2018), “Chapter XVII: Indo-Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S.; Joseph, Brian D.; Fritz, Matthias, editor, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Indo-Iranian, page 1948
Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 140

[1] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), “ústra-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 237-238

[2] Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 3. u̯es- of 1171-1173

[3] Lubotsky, Alexander (1999), “The Indo-Iranian substratum”, in Early Contacts between Uralic and Indo-European: Linguistic and Archaeological Considerations‎, Helsinki

[4] Schmitt, Rüdiger (2017–2018), “Chapter XVII: Indo-Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S.; Joseph, Brian D.; Fritz, Matthias, editor, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Indo-Iranian, page 1948

[5] Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 140