-je
See also: Appendix:Variations of "je"
Dutch
Alternative forms
- -ie (informal)
Pronunciation
Audio (file)
Suffix
-je n (plural -jes)
- Alternative form of -tje.
Hungarian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [jɛ]
- Rhymes: -jɛ
Suffix
-je
- Possessive (and genitive) suffix: [from 1055]
- (with no possessor or with the 3rd-person pronoun as possessor, usually preceded by a definite article) his, her, its ……
- ház (“ház”) → (a) háza, az ő háza (“his/her/its house”)
- élet (“life”) → (az) élete, az ő élete (“his/her/its life”)
- barát (“friend”) → (a) barátja (“his/her/its friend”)
- kapu (“gate”) → (a) kapuja (“his/her/its gate”)
- palota (“palace”) → (a) palotája (“his/her/its palace”)
- kert (“garden”) → (a) kertje (“his/her/its garden”)
- betű (“letter”) → (a) betűje (“his/her/its letter”)
- vese (“kidney”) → (a) veséje (“his/her/its kidney”)
- (with a singular possessor) ……-'s, of …… (third-person singular, single possession)
- ház (“house”) → Anna háza (“Anna’s house”)
- ház (“house”) → a felkelő nap háza (“the house of the rising sun”)
- élet (“life”) → Anna élete (“Anna’s life”)
- élet (“life”) → a város élete (“the life of the city”)
- palota (“palace”) → a király palotája (“the king’s palace”)
- kapu (“gate”) → a ház kapuja (“the gate of the house”)
- kert (“garden”) → Anna kertje (“Anna’s garden”)
- kert (“garden”) → a tulipánok kertje (“the garden of [the] tulips”)
- (with a plural possessor) ……-s’, of ……-s (third-person plural, single possession)
- ház (“house”) → a szüleim háza (“my parents’ house”)
- ház (“house”) → a trópusi növények háza (“[the] house of [the] tropical plants”, literally “the tropical plants’ house”)
- élet (“life”) → a szüleim élete (“my parents’ lives”, literally “my parents’ life”)
- élet (“life”) → a könyvek élete (“[the] lives of [the] books”, literally “the books’ life”)
- palota (“palace”) → az uralkodók palotája (“the rulers’ palace”)
- kert (“garden”) → a szüleim kertje (“my parents’ garden”)
- kert (“garden”) → Az elágazó ösvények kertje (“The Garden of Forking Paths”)
- (with time expressions, referring to a point in time) …… ago
- Egy évszázada ment el. ― S/he left one century ago.
- Két éve ment el. ― S/he left two years ago.
- Egy órája ment el. ― S/he left one hour ago.
- Sok/hosszú ideje ment el. ― S/he left a long time ago
- Synonym: -val/-vel ezelőtt (e.g. két évvel ezelőtt)
- (with time expressions, referring to a duration of time preceding the point of time in question) for ……
- Egy évszázada várunk rád. ― We have been waiting for you for a century.
- Két éve várunk rád. ― We have been waiting for you for two years.
- Egy órája várunk rád. ― We have been waiting for you for an hour.
- Sok/hosszú ideje várunk rád. ― We have been waiting for you for a long time.
- (mostly with quantities, often following -ik) of ……, out of …… (partitive sense)
- Synonym: (only with countable quantities) közül
- jó (jav-) (“the greater/better part”) → a java még hátravan (“the best/bulk is yet to come”, literally “its best/bulk is…”)
- legnagyobbik (“the biggest one”) → a bikák legnagyobbika (“the biggest [one] of the bulls”, synonymous with a legnagyobb bika)
- (with no possessor or with the 3rd-person pronoun as possessor, usually preceded by a definite article) his, her, its ……
Usage notes
- (possessive suffix) Variants:
- -a is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -e is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -ja is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant or a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-; final -o changes to -ó-.
- -je is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant or a vowel. Final -e changes to -é-; final -ö changes to -ő-.
- This suffix (in all forms) is normally used for the third-person singular possessive (single possession) but, after an explicit plural possessor, it also expresses the third-person plural possessive (single possession), e.g. “the children's ball” (a gyerekek labdája). If the possessor is implicit (not named, only marked by a suffix), the plural possessive suffix must be used, e.g. “their ball” (a labdájuk, see -juk and its variants).
Declension
| Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, front unrounded harmony) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | -je | — |
| accusative | -jét | — |
| dative | -jének | — |
| instrumental | -jével | — |
| causal-final | -jéért | — |
| translative | -jévé | — |
| terminative | -jéig | — |
| essive-formal | -jeként | — |
| essive-modal | -jéül | — |
| inessive | -jében | — |
| superessive | -jén | — |
| adessive | -jénél | — |
| illative | -jébe | — |
| sublative | -jére | — |
| allative | -jéhez | — |
| elative | -jéből | — |
| delative | -jéről | — |
| ablative | -jétől | — |
| non-attributive possessive - singular | -jéé | — |
| non-attributive possessive - plural | -jééi | — |
Suffix
-je
- (personal suffix) Used to form the definite third-person singular present tense of front-vowel verbs (in subjunctive mood).
Usage notes
- (personal suffix) See harmonic variants and the assimilation of j in the table below.
Subjunctive/imperative definite – personal endings
| Person | Back vowel | Front vowel | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| én | 1st person singular | -jam | -jem | |
| te | 2nd person singular | -d | ||
| long form | -jad | -jed | ||
| ő maga ön | 3rd person singular | -ja | -je | |
| mi | 1st person plural | -juk | -jük | |
| ti | 2nd person plural | -játok | -jétek | |
| ők maguk önök | 3rd person plural | -ják | -jék | |
| See also: present-tense indefinite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing. | ||||
| Verb ending | Assimilation rules of -j | |||
| s sz z dz | The -j assimilates to the verb ending: keres → keress metsz → metssz hoz → hozz edz → eddz (No change in the short -d form of 2nd-person singular definite: keresd, metszd, hozd, edzd.) | |||
| st szt | The -t is removed, the -j assimilates to the -s, -sz: fest → fess fáraszt → fárassz Short -d forms: fesd, fáraszd. | |||
| long vowel + t or consonant + t | The -j becomes -s: segít → segíts bont → bonts Exceptions: bocsát → bocsáss, lát → láss Short -d forms: segítsd, bontsd; lásd, bocsásd. | |||
| short vowel + t | Both the stem-final -t and the -j become -s: mutat → mutass, szeret → szeress Short -d forms: mutasd, szeresd. | |||
See also
- Category:Hungarian noun forms
- Appendix:Hungarian possessive suffixes
Kayapó
Etymology
From Proto-Northern Jê *de (“ergative, stimulus”).
Pronunciation
IPA(key): [-jɛ]
Suffix
-je
- out of (stimulus)
Derived terms
- kurêje
- pymaje, umaje
- kraxje
Lower Sorbian
Suffix
-je
- -ly (used to turn an adjective into an adverb of manner)
Usage notes
The j of this suffix merges with certain preceding consonants to create palatalized consonants not followed by j:
- d + j → ź
- zd + j → zdź
- g + j → z
- k + j → c
- ch + j → š
- ł + j → l
- t + j → ś
- st + j → sć
Synonyms
- -o
Derived terms
Lower Sorbian terms suffixed with -je
Maquiritari
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [-he]
Suffix
-je
- Serves as an attributivizer to allow verbs nominalized with -tojo to function as a predicate in a subordinate clause of purpose with the meaning ‘in order to X’, ‘for X-ing’.
- Synonym: -me
- Serves as an attributivizer to allow borrowed verbs to function as a predicate when subordinated to ö'dü (for intransitive use) or üdü (for transitive use).
Usage notes
Unlike -me, with which it is sometimes interchangeable, this suffix does not cause syllable reduction. Phonologically it is a clitic rather than a suffix.
References
- Cáceres, Natalia (2011), “⸗je”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana, Lyon, page 145–146, 254–255
Saterland Frisian
Etymology
From Old Frisian -ia, from Proto-West Germanic *-ōn. Cognates include West Frisian -e and German -en.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /-jə/
Suffix
-je (type 1 form -e)
- Used to form verbs from nouns and adjectives.
Conjugation
For verbs ending in -n, -l and -r:
Conjugation of -je (weak type 2)
| Grúundfoarme | -je | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | tou -jen | ||||||
| Present tense | Past tense | ||||||
| iek | -je | wie | -je | iek | -de | wie | -den |
| du | -st | jie | -je | du | -dest | jie | -den |
| hie/ju/dät | -t | jo | -je | hie/ju/dät | -de | jo | -den |
| Present participle | Imperative | Auxiliary | Past participle | ||||
| -jend | Singular | - | häbe | -d | |||
| Plural | -jet | ||||||
For verbs ending in other consonants:
Conjugation of -je (weak type 2)
| Grúundfoarme | -je | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | tou -jen | ||||||
| Present tense | Past tense | ||||||
| iek | -je | wie | -je | iek | -ede | wie | -eden |
| du | -est | jie | -je | du | -edest | jie | -eden |
| hie/ju/dät | -et | jo | -je | hie/ju/dät | -ede | jo | -eden |
| Present participle | Imperative | Auxiliary | Past participle | ||||
| -jend | Singular | - | häbe | -ed | |||
| Plural | -jet | ||||||
Derived terms
Saterland Frisian terms suffixed with -e
References
- Horst Haider Munske, editor (2001), “Das Saterfriesische”, in Handbuch des Friesischen [Handbook of Frisian studies], Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag, →ISBN, page 414
Serbo-Croatian
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *-ьje.
Suffix
-je (Cyrillic spelling -је)
- Suffix appended to words to create a neuter noun, usually denoting a young animal, plant, place name or is used as a collective noun.
See also
- -e
West Frisian
Etymology
From Old Frisian -ia, from Proto-Germanic *-ōną, from various Proto-Indo-European suffixes.
Suffix
-je
- Forms verbs from nouns and adjectives. The stem of the word itself does not change.
Inflection
| Weak class 2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | -je | |||
| 3rd singular past | -e | |||
| past participle | -e | |||
| infinitive | -je | |||
| long infinitive | -jen | |||
| gerund | -jen n | |||
| auxiliary | hawwe | |||
| indicative | present tense | past tense | ||
| 1st singular | -je | -e | ||
| 2nd singular | -est | -est | ||
| 3rd singular | -et | -e | ||
| plural | -je | -en | ||
| imperative | -je | |||
| participles | -jend | -e | ||
Derived terms
West Frisian terms suffixed with -je