-고

See also: 고

Korean

Etymology 1

From Middle Korean 고〮 (Yale: -kwó), probably from Old Korean 遣, although the phonology is potentially problematic.[1] While Old Korean 遣 corresponds exactly to Middle Korean 고〮 (Yale: -kwó) in terms of grammar, the Middle Chinese pronunciation is 遣 (MC kʰiᴇn^X, kʰiᴇn^H), which does not sound like 고〮 (Yale: -kwó).

In any case, Old Korean 古 (*-kwo) is also, albeit rarely, attested as a connective suffix;[1] either 遣 and 古 are different orthographies of the same suffix (more likely), or the latter subsumed the role of the former. In Middle Korean Idu script, 遣 (遣) always denotes 고〮 (Yale: -kwó).

Suffix

고 • (-go)

and then, after...; marks successive action.
공부하고 놀아야지. ― gongbu-hago nor-ayaji. ― You should play after studying.
밥을 먹고 갈게요. ― bab-eul meokgo galge-yo. ― I'll go after eating.
and; connects two clauses together.
Synonym: (formal) 으며 (-eumyeo)
운동도 하고 일도 한다. ― undong-do hago il-do handa. ― [He] exercises, and does work too.
나는 도착했고 걔가 안 온 거야. ― na-neun dochakhaetgo gyae-ga an on geo-ya. ― I've arrived; it's him who hasn't come.
Used for the main verb to join it to certain auxiliaries.
하고 있다 ― hago itda ― to be doing
누가 자전거를 타고 있습니까? ― nuga jajeon'georeul tago itseumnikka? ― Who is riding a bicycle?
하고 나니 ― hago na-ni ― now that it's been done
하고 들다 ― hago deulda ― to do fiercely
하고 보니 ― hago bo-ni ― now that I've done it, [I feel...]
하고 말았다. ― hago mar-at-da. ― I ended up doing it.
In the intimate style, used to ask confirmatory questions; by extension, can have nuances of denial or sarcasm.
아침은 먹었고? ― Achim-eun meog-eot-go? ― So, did you have breakfast?
내가 너처럼 바본 줄 알고? ― nae-ga neo-cheoreom babon jul al-go? ― Did you think I was an idiot like you?
In the intimate style, used in polite requests.
그쪽 분들 어서 오시고요. ― geujjok bun-deul eoseo o-si-go-yo. ― Folks over there, please come quickly.
In the intimate style, used to present additional information, typically with the nominal particle 도 (-do, “also, too”).
날씨 되게 좋던데. — 아, 그래? — 어. 밖에 사람도 없고.
Nalssi doege joteonde. - A, geurae? - Eo. Bakk-e saram-do eop-go.
The weather was really nice, I saw. — Oh, really? — Yeah. No people outside, too.

Usage notes

(and then): Compare 어 (-eo) and 어서 (-eoseo), which have an additional nuance that the first action is impacting or enabling the second.

Alternative forms

구 (-gu) – dialectal or endearing slang

Derived terms

갖고 (gatgo)
고 있다 (-go itda)
그리고 (geurigo)
말고 (malgo)
보고 (-bogo)
치고 (chigo)
하고 (-hago)

Etymology 2

Contracted from 하고 (hago, “that”, used to quote speech, literally “[one] said, and...”), hence formally identical to the connective suffix above. First attested widely in the Ildong Jang'yu-ga (日東壯遊歌 / 일동장유가), 1763, and other mid-eighteenth-century works.[2][3]

Particle

고 • (-go)

that; quotative particle marking indirect quotes. Attaches to mood-marking verb-final suffixes of the "plain style".
자기가 먹었다고 그랬다. ― jagi-ga meog-eot-da-go geuraetda. ― He said that he ate it.
내가 어디 가냐고 물었다. ― nae-ga eodi ga-nya-go mureotda. ― He asked where I was going.
거기로 가자고 말했다. ― geogi-ro ga-ja-go malhaetda. ― He said that we should go there.
왕은 신하에게 자결하라고 명령했다.
wang-eun sinha-ege jagyeolha-ra-go myeongnyeong-haetda.
The king commanded the minister to take his own life.
In the intimate style, a particle attached to verbs to request confirmation of what the speaker has just heard; by extension, can express surprise about what they have just heard.
내가 먹었다고? ― nae-ga meog-eot-da-go? ― Did you say I ate it?
나도 갔냐고? ― na-do gan-nya-go? ― Did you ask if I went too?
거기로 가자고요? ― geogi-ro ga-ja-go-yo? ― Did you say we should go there?
어디 가라고요? ― eodi ga-ra-go-yo? ― Where did you say I should go?
In the intimate style, a particle attached to verbs to emphasize that the speaker is repeating something they have just said; by extension, can be used to express emphasis or annoyance even if one is not actually repeating something.
Synonym: 으니까 (-eunikka)
내가 메달을 땄다고. ― nae-ga medar-eul ttat-da-go. ― I said, it was me who won the medal.
너도 좋았냐고. ― neo-do jo-an-nya-go. ― I asked, did you like it too?
얼른 가자고. ― eolleun ga-ja-go. ― I said, let's leave as soon as possible.
빨리 나가라고요. ― ppalli naga-ra-go-yo. ― I said, leave quickly.
Used with the declarative in certain constructions as 다고 (-dago); see there for more.

Usage notes

고 (-go) neutralizes speech level and formality distinctions, and other nuances of the mood-marking suffixes, to the basic suffixes of the "plain style": 다 (-da), 라 (-ra), 냐 (-nya), 으라 (-eura), and 자 (-ja).

Hence declarative sentences are quoted as 다고 (-dago) or 라고 (-rago), interrogative sentences as 냐고 (-nyago), imperative sentences as 으라고 (-eurago), and hortative sentences as 자고 (-jago), regardless of speech level.

가셨습니다. (formal polite style) ― Gasyeotseumnida. ― He went.

가셨다고 합니다. ― gasyeotda-go hamnida. ― They say that he went.

With the imperative:

이거 먹어. (intimate style) ― Igeo meogeo. ― Eat this.

이거 먹으라고 그랬어. ― igeo meogeura-go geuraesseo. ― He told me to eat this.

고 (-go) can be freely omitted.
이라고 (-irago) is used for direct quotes.

Alternative forms

구 (-gu) – dialectal or endearing slang

Derived terms

냐고 (-nyago)
다고 (-dago)
라고 (-rago)
이라고 (-irago)
자고 (-jago)

Etymology 3

Shortened from Middle Korean 고〮져〮 (Yale: -kwócyé, verbal suffix expressing intent),[4] perhaps under the influence of the auxiliary-joining suffix. This resulted in a change of the primary meaning of 싶다 (sipda), from "to seem to be about to do" to "to want".

Suffix

고 • (-go)

Used to join the verb expressing the desired action to 싶다 (sipda, “to want”).
하고 싶다 ― hago sipda ― to want to do
죽고 싶다 ― jukgo sipda ― I want to die

Etymology 4

From Middle Korean 고 (Yale: -kwó), from Old Korean 古 (*-kwo). In Old and Middle Korean, the word was not a suffix but an interrogative particle for polar questions, combining directly with nouns and taking the adnominal forms of verbs, whence ㄴ고 (-n'go) and ㄹ꼬 (-lkko).

In the standard Seoul dialect of the language, the suffix is no longer used in isolation and generally dated or archaic; see "Related terms" below.

Suffix

고 • (-go)

(Gyeongsang) In the plain style, an interrogative suffix marking wh-word questions. It is only used for the copula 이다 (-ida, “to be”) and 아이다 (aida, “to not be”).

Usage notes

Its polar question equivalent is 가 (-ga).
For non-copula stems, 노 (-no) is used.

Related terms

노 (-no)
는고 (-neun'go)
던고 (-deon'go)
을꼬 (-eulkko)

Particle

고 • (-go)

(Gyeongsang) See above; sometimes appended directly to the noun, as in older forms of the language.
이 뭣고? (a Buddhist koan) ― i mwot-go? ― What is this?

References

김지오 (Kim Ji-o) (2019), “고대국어 연결어미 연구의 현황과 과제 [The conditions and future tasks of analyzing connective endings in Old Korean]”, in Gugyeol Yeon'gu, volume 43, pages 55–87
안주호 (2003), “인용문과 인용표지의 문법화에 대한 연구 [A study on quotative sentences and the grammaticalization of quotation markers in Korean]”, in Damhwa-wa inji, volume 10, pages 145—165
송재목 (2019), “일동장유가의 인용구문 [Quotative constructions in the Ildong Jang'yu-ga]”, in Hangul, volume 80, pages 241—287
이영경 (2005), “'싶다'구문의 史的 변천에 대한 일고찰”, in 한국문화, volume 35, 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원, pages 1-25

[KJO-1] 김지오 (Kim Ji-o) (2019), “고대국어 연결어미 연구의 현황과 과제 [The conditions and future tasks of analyzing connective endings in Old Korean]”, in Gugyeol Yeon'gu, volume 43, pages 55–87

[2] 안주호 (2003), “인용문과 인용표지의 문법화에 대한 연구 [A study on quotative sentences and the grammaticalization of quotation markers in Korean]”, in Damhwa-wa inji, volume 10, pages 145—165

[3] 송재목 (2019), “일동장유가의 인용구문 [Quotative constructions in the Ildong Jang'yu-ga]”, in Hangul, volume 80, pages 241—287

[4] 이영경 (2005), “'싶다'구문의 史的 변천에 대한 일고찰”, in 한국문화, volume 35, 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원, pages 1-25

单词	-고
释义	-고 See also: 고 Korean Etymology 1 From Middle Korean 고〮 (Yale: -kwó), probably from Old Korean 遣, although the phonology is potentially problematic.[1] While Old Korean 遣 corresponds exactly to Middle Korean 고〮 (Yale: -kwó) in terms of grammar, the Middle Chinese pronunciation is 遣 (MC kʰiᴇn^X, kʰiᴇn^H), which does not sound like 고〮 (Yale: -kwó). In any case, Old Korean 古 (-kwo) is also, albeit rarely, attested as a connective suffix;[1] either 遣 and 古 are different orthographies of the same suffix (more likely), or the latter subsumed the role of the former. In Middle Korean Idu script, 遣 (遣) always denotes 고〮 (Yale: -kwó). Suffix 고 • (-go) and then, after...; marks successive action. 공부하고 놀아야지.* ― gongbu-hago nor-ayaji. ― You should play after studying. 밥을 먹고 갈게요. ― bab-eul meokgo galge-yo. ― I'll go after eating. and; connects two clauses together. Synonym: (formal) 으며 (-eumyeo) 운동도 하고 일도 한다. ― undong-do hago il-do handa. ― [He] exercises, and does work too. 나는 도착했고 걔가 안 온 거야. ― na-neun dochakhaetgo gyae-ga an on geo-ya. ― I've arrived; it's him who hasn't come. Used for the main verb to join it to certain auxiliaries. 하고 있다 ― hago itda ― to be doing 누가 자전거를 타고 있습니까? ― nuga jajeon'georeul tago itseumnikka? ― Who is riding a bicycle? 하고 나니 ― hago na-ni ― now that it's been done 하고 들다 ― hago deulda ― to do fiercely 하고 보니 ― hago bo-ni ― now that I've done it, [I feel...] 하고 말았다. ― hago mar-at-da. ― I ended up doing it. In the intimate style, used to ask confirmatory questions; by extension, can have nuances of denial or sarcasm. 아침은 먹었고? ― Achim-eun meog-eot-go? ― So, did you have breakfast? 내가 너처럼 바본 줄 알고? ― nae-ga neo-cheoreom babon jul al-go? ― Did you think I was an idiot like you? In the intimate style, used in polite requests. 그쪽 분들 어서 오시고요. ― geujjok bun-deul eoseo o-si-go-yo. ― Folks over there, please come quickly. In the intimate style, used to present additional information, typically with the nominal particle 도 (-do, “also, too”). 날씨 되게 좋던데. — 아, 그래? — 어. 밖에 사람도 없고. Nalssi doege joteonde. - A, geurae? - Eo. Bakk-e saram-do eop-go. The weather was really nice, I saw. — Oh, really? — Yeah. No people outside, too. Usage notes (and then): Compare 어 (-eo) and 어서 (-eoseo), which have an additional nuance that the first action is impacting or enabling the second. Alternative forms 구 (-gu) – dialectal or endearing slang Derived terms 갖고 (gatgo) 고 있다 (-go itda) 그리고 (geurigo) 말고 (malgo) 보고 (-bogo) 치고 (chigo) 하고 (-hago) Etymology 2 Contracted from 하고 (hago, “that”, used to quote speech, literally “[one] said, and...”), hence formally identical to the connective suffix above. First attested widely in the Ildong Jang'yu-ga (日東壯遊歌 / 일동장유가), 1763, and other mid-eighteenth-century works.[2][3] Particle 고 • (-go) that; quotative particle marking indirect quotes. Attaches to mood-marking verb-final suffixes of the "plain style". 자기가 먹었다고 그랬다. ― jagi-ga meog-eot-da-go geuraetda. ― He said that he ate it. 내가 어디 가냐고 물었다. ― nae-ga eodi ga-nya-go mureotda. ― He asked where I was going. 거기로 가자고 말했다. ― geogi-ro ga-ja-go malhaetda. ― He said that we should go there. 왕은 신하에게 자결하라고 명령했다. wang-eun sinha-ege jagyeolha-ra-go myeongnyeong-haetda. The king commanded the minister to take his own life. In the intimate style, a particle attached to verbs to request confirmation of what the speaker has just heard; by extension, can express surprise about what they have just heard. 내가 먹었다고? ― nae-ga meog-eot-da-go? ― Did you say I ate it? 나도 갔냐고? ― na-do gan-nya-go? ― Did you ask if I went too? 거기로 가자고요? ― geogi-ro ga-ja-go-yo? ― Did you say we should go there? 어디 가라고요? ― eodi ga-ra-go-yo? ― Where did you say I should go? In the intimate style, a particle attached to verbs to emphasize that the speaker is repeating something they have just said; by extension, can be used to express emphasis or annoyance even if one is not actually repeating something. Synonym: 으니까 (-eunikka) 내가 메달을 땄다고. ― nae-ga medar-eul ttat-da-go. ― I said, it was me who won the medal. 너도 좋았냐고. ― neo-do jo-an-nya-go. ― I asked, did you like it too? 얼른 가자고. ― eolleun ga-ja-go. ― I said, let's leave as soon as possible. 빨리 나가라고요. ― ppalli naga-ra-go-yo. ― I said, leave quickly. Used with the declarative in certain constructions as 다고 (-dago); see there for more. Usage notes 고 (-go) neutralizes speech level and formality distinctions, and other nuances of the mood-marking suffixes, to the basic suffixes of the "plain style": 다 (-da), 라 (-ra), 냐 (-nya), 으라 (-eura), and 자 (-ja). Hence declarative sentences are quoted as 다고 (-dago) or 라고 (-rago), interrogative sentences as 냐고 (-nyago), imperative sentences as 으라고 (-eurago), and hortative sentences as 자고 (-jago), regardless of speech level. 가셨습니다. (formal polite style) ― Gasyeotseumnida. ― He went. 가셨다고 합니다. ― gasyeotda-go hamnida. ― They say that he went. With the imperative: 이거 먹어. (intimate style) ― Igeo meogeo. ― Eat this. 이거 먹으라고 그랬어. ― igeo meogeura-go geuraesseo. ― He told me to eat this. 고 (-go) can be freely omitted. 이라고 (-irago) is used for direct quotes. Alternative forms 구 (-gu) – dialectal or endearing slang Derived terms 냐고 (-nyago) 다고 (-dago) 라고 (-rago) 이라고 (-irago) 자고 (-jago) Etymology 3 Shortened from Middle Korean 고〮져〮 (Yale: -kwócyé, verbal suffix expressing intent),[4] perhaps under the influence of the auxiliary-joining suffix. This resulted in a change of the primary meaning of 싶다 (sipda), from "to seem to be about to do" to "to want". Suffix 고 • (-go) Used to join the verb expressing the desired action to 싶다 (sipda, “to want”). 하고 싶다 ― hago sipda ― to want to do 죽고 싶다 ― jukgo sipda ― I want to die Etymology 4 From Middle Korean 고 (Yale: -kwó), from Old Korean 古 (-kwo). In Old and Middle Korean, the word was not a suffix but an interrogative particle for polar questions, combining directly with nouns and taking the adnominal forms of verbs, whence ㄴ고 (-n'go) and ㄹ꼬 (-lkko). In the standard Seoul dialect of the language, the suffix is no longer used in isolation and generally dated or archaic; see "Related terms" below. Suffix 고 • (-go) (Gyeongsang) In the plain style, an interrogative suffix marking wh-word questions. It is only used for the copula 이다 (-ida, “to be”) and 아이다* (aida, “to not be”). Usage notes Its polar question equivalent is 가 (-ga). For non-copula stems, 노 (-no) is used. Related terms 노 (-no) 는고 (-neun'go) 던고 (-deon'go) 을꼬 (-eulkko) Particle 고 • (-go) (Gyeongsang) See above; sometimes appended directly to the noun, as in older forms of the language. 이 뭣고? (a Buddhist koan) ― i mwot-go? ― What is this? References 김지오 (Kim Ji-o) (2019), “고대국어 연결어미 연구의 현황과 과제 [The conditions and future tasks of analyzing connective endings in Old Korean]”, in Gugyeol Yeon'gu, volume 43, pages 55–87 안주호 (2003), “인용문과 인용표지의 문법화에 대한 연구 [A study on quotative sentences and the grammaticalization of quotation markers in Korean]”, in Damhwa-wa inji, volume 10, pages 145—165 송재목 (2019), “일동장유가의 인용구문 [Quotative constructions in the Ildong Jang'yu-ga]”, in Hangul, volume 80, pages 241—287 이영경 (2005), “'싶다'구문의 史的 변천에 대한 일고찰”, in 한국문화, volume 35, 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원, pages 1-25
随便看	牛眼仔牛磺酸牛童牛筋牛筋带牛筋帶牛筋琴牛粪牛糞牛綰繩牛繩牛绳牛绾绳牛羚牛羚羊牛耕牛耕式牛耳る牛肉牛肉乾牛肉干牛肉数牛肉數牛肉球牛肉粉