鑒

See also: 鉴

鑒	U+9452, 鑒 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9452

← 鑑
[U+9451]

CJK Unified Ideographs

鑓 →
[U+9453]

Translingual

Traditional	鑒
Shinjitai	鑑
Simplified	鉴

Han character

鑒 (Kangxi radical 167, 金+14, 22 strokes, cangjie input 尸田金 (SWC) or 金尸一廿 (CSMT), four-corner 7810₉, composition ⿱𰯲金)

Derived characters

𨰹(𰿀) 𫭀

References

KangXi: page 1325, character 11

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 40989

Dae Jaweon: page 1826, character 6

Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4267, character 7

Unihan data for U+9452

Chinese

trad.		鑒/鑑
simp.		鉴
alternative forms		鍳／鉴

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (監) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
藍	*ɡ·raːm
襤	*ɡ·raːm
籃	*ɡ·raːm
懢	ɡ·raːm, ɡ·raːms
儖	*ɡ·raːm
蘫	ɡ·raːm, qʰlaːms
攬	*ɡ·raːmʔ
欖	*ɡ·raːmʔ
覽	*ɡ·raːmʔ
爁	ɡ·raːmʔ, ɡ·raːms, *ɡ·rams
擥	*ɡ·raːmʔ
灠	*ɡ·raːmʔ
濫	ɡ·raːms, ɡraːmʔ
嚂	ɡ·raːms, kʰlaːms, *qʰlaːmʔ
纜	*ɡ·raːms
監	kraːm, kraːms
礛	*kraːm
鑑	kraːm, kraːms, *kraːms
艦	*ɡraːmʔ
檻	ɡraːmʔ, ɡraːms
壏	*ɡraːmʔ
轞	*ɡraːmʔ
鹽	ɡ·lam, ɡ·lams

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 監／监 (OC *kraːm, *kraːms).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jiàn (jian⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gaam³
Min Nan (POJ): kàm

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jiàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jiàn
  - Wade–Giles: chien⁴
  - Yale: jyàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiann
  - Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕjɛn⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: gaam³
  - Yale: gaam
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gaam³
  - Guangdong Romanization: gam³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaːm³³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kàm
  - Tâi-lô: kàm
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kaxm
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kam²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kam⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kam²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kam¹¹/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kam²¹/

Middle Chinese: /ken/, /kˠam^H/

Rime
Character	鑒	鑒
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	先 (85)	銜 (149)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	IV	II
Fanqie	古賢切	格懺切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ken/	/kˠam^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ken/	/kᵚam^H/
Shao Rongfen	/kɛn/	/kam^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɛn/	/kaɨm^H/
Li Rong	/ken/	/kam^H/
Wang Li	/kien/	/kam^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/kien/	/kam^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiān	jiàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gin¹	gaam³

Definitions

鑒

(bronze) mirror
to inspect; to examine
to reflect; to mirror
to evaluate; to assess
perceptiveness; vigilance
reflection
lesson; example; warning
(historical) large reflective basin for holding water or ice

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (鑒):

→ Japanese: 鑑(かん) (kan)

→ Classical Mongolian: ᠲᠣᠯᠢ (toli) (semantic loan)
- Mongolian: ᠲᠣᠯᠢ (toli) / толь (tolʹ)
- → Buryat: толи (toli) (semantic loan)
- → Khamnigan Mongol: толи (toli) (semantic loan)
- → Written Oirat: ᡐᡆᠯᡅ (toli) (semantic loan)
  - Kalmyk: толь (tolĭ)

Compounds

Derived terms from 鑒

世鑒／世鉴
丙鑒／丙鉴
主鑒／主鉴
乾鑒／干鉴
人鑒／人鉴
以往鑒來／以往鉴来
俯鑒／俯鉴
借鑒／借鉴 (jièjiàn)
倫鑒／伦鉴
偉鑒／伟鉴
偏鑒／偏鉴
儆鑒／儆鉴
儷鑒／俪鉴
內鑒／内鉴
公鑒／公鉴
冥鑒／冥鉴
冰鑒／冰鉴
前車之鑒／前车之鉴 (qiánchēzhījiàn)
前車可鑒／前车可鉴 (qiánchēkějiàn)
前轍可鑒／前辙可鉴
前鑒／前鉴
取鑒／取鉴
可鑒／可鉴
台鑒／台鉴
品鑒／品鉴
商鑒／商鉴
器鑒／器鉴
圓鑒／圆鉴
垂鑒／垂鉴
大鑒／大鉴 (dàjiàn)
宸鑒／宸鉴
審鑒／审鉴
尊鑒／尊鉴
崇鑒／崇鉴
幽鑒／幽鉴
引以為鑒／引以为鉴
彝鑒／彝鉴
往鑒／往鉴
徹鑒／彻鉴
情鑒／情鉴
惠鑒／惠鉴
慧鑒／慧鉴
憐鑒／怜鉴
懿鑒／懿鉴
成鑒／成鉴
戒鑒／戒鉴
明鑒／明鉴
明鑒萬里／明鉴万里

昭鑒／昭鉴
智鑒／智鉴
有鑒於此／有鉴于此 (yǒujiànyúcǐ)
朗鑒／朗鉴
標鑒／标鉴
機鑒／机鉴
歆鑒／歆鉴
止鑒／止鉴
殷鑒／殷鉴 (yīnjiàn)
殷鑒不遠／殷鉴不远 (yīnjiànbùyuǎn)
水鑒／水鉴
永鑒／永鉴
油光可鑒／油光可鉴
洞鑒／洞鉴
洞鑒古今／洞鉴古今
深鑒／深鉴
淵鑒／渊鉴
清鑒／清鉴
澄鑒／澄鉴
炯鑒／炯鉴
照鑒／照鉴
燕鑒／燕鉴
玄鑒／玄鉴
理鑒／理鉴
申鑒／申鉴
皇鑒／皇鉴
省鑒／省鉴
睿鑒／睿鉴
矜鑒／矜鉴
知人之鑒／知人之鉴
知往鑒今／知往鉴今
神人鑒知／神人鉴知
神鑒／神鉴
禮鑒／礼鉴
窮鑒／穷鉴
簡鑒／简鉴
精悟玄鑒／精悟玄鉴
精鑒／精鉴
緬鑒／缅鉴
考鑒／考鉴
耳鑒／耳鉴
聖鑒／圣鉴
聰鑒／聪鉴
自鑒／自鉴
至鑒／至鉴
臺鑒／台鉴
芳鑒／芳鉴
英鑒／英鉴

藻鑒／藻鉴
螢鑒／萤鉴
衡鑒／衡鉴
裁鑒／裁鉴
覆車之鑒／覆车之鉴
規鑒／规鉴
訓鑒／训鉴
識鑒／识鉴
資鑒／资鉴
賞鑒／赏鉴
辰鑒／辰鉴
追鑒／追鉴
通鑒／通鉴 (Tōngjiàn)
道鑒／道鉴
達鑒／达鉴
遠鑒／远鉴
郗鑒愛／郗鉴爱
金鑒／金鉴
鈞鑒／钧鉴
鏡鑒／镜鉴
鑒別／鉴别 (jiànbié)
鑒定／鉴定 (jiàndìng)
鑒定人／鉴定人
鑒察／鉴察 (jiànchá)
鑒往知來／鉴往知来
鑒戒／鉴戒 (jiànjiè)
鑒於／鉴于 (jiànyú)
鑒核／鉴核 (jiànhé)
鑒核備查／鉴核备查
鑒毛辨色／鉴毛辨色
鑒諒／鉴谅
鑒識／鉴识 (jiànshí)
鑒貌辨色／鉴貌辨色
鑒賞／鉴赏 (jiànshǎng)
降鑒／降鉴
陽鑒／阳鉴
雅鑒／雅鉴
電鑒／电鉴
霽鑒／霁鉴
靈鑒／灵鉴
青鑒／青鉴
鞶鑒／鞶鉴
領鑒／领鉴
風鑒／风鉴
高鑒／高鉴
魂鑒／魂鉴
龜鑒／龟鉴 (guījiàn)

Japanese

Kanji

鑒

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

Readings

Go-on: けん (ken)^{←けん (ken, historical)}^{←けむ (kemu, ancient)}
Kan-on: かん (kan)^{←かん (kan, historical)}^{←かむ (kamu, ancient)}
Kun: かがみ (kagami); かんがみる (kangamiru, 鑒みる)

Definitions

For pronunciation and definitions of 鑒 – see the following entry.

【鑑かがみ】S	[noun] an example, exemplar, model, pattern [proper noun] a surname
【鑑かん】S	[noun] a kind of ancient Chinese bronzeware [noun] an example, exemplar, model, pattern [affix] example, exemplar [affix] model, pattern [affix] inspect, examine [affix] evaluate

(This term, 鑒, is an alternative spelling of the above terms.)

Korean

Hanja

鑒 (eumhun 거울 감 (geoul gam))

Alternative form of 鑑 (“Hanja form^? of 감 (“mirror; inspection”).”)

References

Supreme Court of the Republic of Korea (대한민국 대법원, Daehanmin'guk Daebeobwon) (2018). Table of hanja for personal names (인명용 한자표 / 人名用漢字表, Inmyeong-yong hanja-pyo), page 1.

Vietnamese

Han character

鑒: Hán Nôm readings: giám, gương

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