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单词 草
释义

草

See also: 艸
草 U+8349, 草
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8349
← 荈
[U+8348]		CJK Unified Ideographs荊 →
[U+834A]

Translingual

Stroke order
Stroke order (Hong Kong)
Stroke order (Taiwan)

Han character

草 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+6, 10 strokes in traditional Chinese and Korean, 9 strokes in simplified Chinese and Japanese, cangjie input 廿日十 (TAJ), four-corner 44406, composition ⿱艹早)

Derived characters

  • 𠹊, 愺, 𭡶, 𣺞, 𦞻, 𬃸, 𬊳, 𨕡, 騲(𮪤), 𮏱, 𢾳, 𬞁, 𮑅, 𠌓, 䓥, 𭆍, 𤌸

References

  • KangXi: page 1030, character 17
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30945
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1489, character 14
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3203, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+8349

Chinese

trad.草
simp. #草

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 草
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal scriptTranscribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (早) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
早*ʔsuːʔ
草*sʰuːʔ
愺*sʰuːʔ
騲*sʰuːʔ
皁*zuːʔ
皂*zuːʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *sʰuːʔ) : semantic 艹 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 早 (OC *ʔsuːʔ). Originally referred to 皂, and later borrowed for the “grass” sense, replacing 艸.

Etymology 1

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-tswa-n (“grass”); cognate with Tibetan རྩྭ (rtswa, “grass”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).

Alternatively, it may be related to 芻 (OC *sʰro, “hay”), from Austroasiatic; compare Mon ချဲ (“grass; weeds; hay”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Standard)
    (Pinyin): cǎo (cao3)
    (Zhuyin): ㄘㄠˇ
    (Chengdu, SP): cao3
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): цо (co, II)
  • Cantonese
    (Guangzhou, Jyutping): cou2
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): tau2
  • Gan (Wiktionary): cau3
  • Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chhó
    (Meixian, Guangdong): cau3
  • Jin (Wiktionary): cau2
  • Min Bei (KCR): chǎu
  • Min Dong (BUC): chāu / chō̤
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): chháu / chhó / chhó͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): co2 / cao2
  • Wu (Wiktionary): tshau (T2)
  • Xiang (Wiktionary): cau3
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: cǎo
      • Zhuyin: ㄘㄠˇ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: cǎo
      • Wade–Giles: tsʻao3
      • Yale: tsǎu
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tsao
      • Palladius: цао (cao)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴/
    • (Chengdu)
      • Sichuanese Pinyin: cao3
      • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: cao
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰau⁵³/
    • (Dungan)
      • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: цо (co, II)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰɔ⁵¹/
      (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: cou2
      • Yale: chóu
      • Cantonese Pinyin: tsou2
      • Guangdong Romanization: cou2
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰou̯³⁵/
    • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
      • Wiktionary: tau2
      • Sinological IPA (key): /tʰau⁵⁵/
  • Gan
    • (Nanchang)
      • Wiktionary: cau3
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰau²¹³/
  • Hakka
    • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhó
      • Hakka Romanization System: co`
      • Hagfa Pinyim: co3
      • Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰo³¹/
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: cau3
      • Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰau³¹/
  • Jin
    • (Taiyuan)+
      • Wiktionary: cau2
      • Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sʰau⁵³/
  • Min Bei
    • (Jian'ou)
      • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: chǎu
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰau²¹/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: chāu / chō̤
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰau³³/, /t͡sʰo³³/
Note:
  • chāu - vernacular;
  • chō̤ - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chháu
      • Tâi-lô: tsháu
      • Phofsit Daibuun: zhao
      • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /t͡sʰau⁵³/
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰau⁵⁵⁴/
      • IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰau⁴¹/
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhó
      • Tâi-lô: tshó
      • Phofsit Daibuun: zhoir
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰo⁵⁵⁴/
      • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /t͡sʰo⁵³/
      • IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰɤ⁴¹/
    • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhó͘
      • Tâi-lô: tshóo
      • Phofsit Daibuun: zhor
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰɔ⁵⁵⁴/
Note:
  • chháu - vernacular;
  • chhó/chhó͘ - literary.
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: co2 / cao2
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshó / tsháu
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰo⁵²/, /t͡sʰau⁵²/
Note:
  • co2 - vernacular;
  • cao2 - literary.
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: tshau (T2)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰɔ³⁴/
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: cau3
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰɒu⁴¹/
  • Dialectal data
VarietyLocation
edit
草
MandarinBeijing/t͡sʰɑu²¹⁴/
Harbin/t͡sʰau²¹³/
Tianjin/t͡sʰɑu¹³/
Jinan/t͡sʰɔ⁵⁵/
Qingdao/t͡sʰɔ⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou/t͡sʰau⁵³/
Xi'an/t͡sʰau⁵³/
Xining/t͡sʰɔ⁵³/
Yinchuan/t͡sʰɔ⁵³/
Lanzhou/t͡sʰɔ⁴⁴²/
Ürümqi/t͡sʰɔ⁵¹/
Wuhan/t͡sʰau⁴²/
Chengdu/t͡sʰau⁵³/
Guiyang/t͡sʰao⁴²/
Kunming/t͡sʰɔ⁵³/
Nanjing/t͡sʰɔo²¹²/
Hefei/t͡sʰɔ²⁴/
JinTaiyuan/t͡sʰau⁵³/
Pingyao/t͡sʰɔ⁵³/
Hohhot/t͡sʰɔ⁵³/
WuShanghai/t͡sʰɔ³⁵/
Suzhou/t͡sʰæ⁵¹/
Hangzhou/t͡sʰɔ⁵³/
Wenzhou/t͡sʰɜ³⁵/
HuiShexian/t͡sʰɔ³⁵/
Tunxi/t͡sʰə³¹/
XiangChangsha/t͡sʰau⁴¹/
Xiangtan/t͡sʰaɯ⁴²/
GanNanchang/t͡sʰɑu²¹³/
HakkaMeixian/t͡sʰau³¹/
Taoyuan/t͡sʰo³¹/
CantoneseGuangzhou/t͡sʰou³⁵/
Nanning/t͡sʰu³⁵/
Hong Kong/t͡sʰou³⁵/
MinXiamen (Min Nan)/t͡sʰo⁵³/
/t͡sʰau⁵³/
Fuzhou (Min Dong)/t͡sʰau³²/
Jian'ou (Min Bei)/t͡sʰau²¹/
Shantou (Min Nan)/t͡sʰau⁵³/
/t͡sʰo⁵³/
Haikou (Min Nan)/sau²¹³/
  • Middle Chinese: /t͡sʰɑuX/
Rime
Character草
Reading #1/1
Initial (聲)清 (14)
Final (韻)豪 (89)
Tone (調)Rising (X)
Openness (開合)Open
Division (等)I
Fanqie采老切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/t͡sʰɑuX/
Pan
Wuyun		/t͡sʰɑuX/
Shao
Rongfen		/t͡sʰɑuX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/t͡sʰawX/
Li
Rong		/t͡sʰɑuX/
Wang
Li		/t͡sʰɑuX/
Bernard
Karlgren		/t͡sʰɑuX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		cǎo
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		cou2
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[tsʰ]ˤuʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*sʰuːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character草草
Reading #1/22/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		cǎocǎo
Middle
Chinese		‹ tshawX ›‹ tshawX ›
Old
Chinese		/*[tsʰ]ˁuʔ//*[tsʰ]ˁuʔ/
Englishgrass, plantsrough, coarse

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character草
Reading #1/1
No.16547
Phonetic
component		早
Rime
group		幽
Rime
subdivision		1
Corresponding
MC rime		草
Old
Chinese		/*sʰuːʔ/
Notes說文作艸
草

Definitions

草

  1. herbaceous plant; herb; weed; grass
    草地上有一頭牛在吃草。 [MSC, trad.]
    草地上有一头牛在吃草。 [MSC, simp.]
    Cǎodì shàng yǒu yī tóu niú zài chī cǎo. [Pinyin]
    There is one cow eating grass on the lawn.
  2. straw
    稻草  ―  dàocǎo  ―  rice straw
    草鞋  ―  cǎoxié  ―  straw sandals
  3. (Cantonese, slang) marijuana; cannabis; weed
    㨃草 [Cantonese]  ―  deoi2 cou2 [Jyutping]  ―  to smoke weed
  4. (dated) countryside; wilderness
    落草為寇／落草为寇  ―  luòcǎowéikòu  ―  to become a bandit in the countryside
  5. common; ordinary
    草金魚／草金鱼  ―  cǎojīnyú  ―  common goldfish
  6. (dialectal, chiefly of livestock or poultry) female
  7. draft; sketch
  8. careless; rough; sloppy
  9. to draft
    草擬／草拟  ―  cǎonǐ  ―  to draft; to draw up (a plan)
  10. (calligraphy) Short for 草書／草书 (cǎoshū, “cursive script (grass script)”).
    狂草  ―  kuángcǎo  ―  wild cursive
    1. cursive
  11. (chemistry) oxalic

Compounds

Derived terms from 草

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (草):
  • → Japanese: 草(そう) (sō)
  • → Korean: 초(草) (cho)
  • → Vietnamese: thảo (草)

Others:

  • Vietnamese: tháu (“scrawling”)

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 草 – see 皂 (“black; acorn; etc.”).
(This character, 草, is a variant form of 皂.)

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Pinyin): cǎo (cao3)
    (Zhuyin): ㄘㄠˇ
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: cǎo
      • Zhuyin: ㄘㄠˇ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: cǎo
      • Wade–Giles: tsʻao3
      • Yale: tsǎu
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tsao
      • Palladius: цао (cao)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴/

Definitions

草

  1. (slang, euphemistic, Internet slang) Alternative form of 肏 (cào, “fuck”).

Etymology 4

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 草 (kusa, “LOL”). See the Japanese entry for more information.

As an interjection, this term is easily confused with the native “fuck” sense above. To distinguish between the two senses, 中國語／中国语 (zhōngguóyǔ, “Chinese”) and 日本語／日本语 (rìběnyǔ, “Japanese”) are usually put in parentheses following the term to specify which sense is intended.

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Pinyin): cǎo (cao3)
    (Zhuyin): ㄘㄠˇ
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: cǎo
      • Zhuyin: ㄘㄠˇ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: cǎo
      • Wade–Giles: tsʻao3
      • Yale: tsǎu
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tsao
      • Palladius: цао (cao)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴/

Definitions

草

  1. (neologism, Internet slang) LOL
    草（中日雙語）／草（中日双语）  ―  cǎo (zhōngrì shuāngyǔ)  ―  fuck lmao
  2. (neologism, Internet slang) hilarious
    這也太草了吧。／这也太草了吧。  ―  Zhè yě tài cǎo le ba.  ―  Isn't this a bit too hilarious?

Japanese

Kanji

草

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

  • Go-on: そう (sō, Jōyō)←さう (sau, historical)
  • Kan-on: そう (sō, Jōyō)←さう (sau, historical)
  • Kun: くさ (kusa, 草, Jōyō)
  • Nanori: そ (so); や (ya); かや (kaya); しげ (shige)

Compounds

Compounds
  • 篝(かがり)火(び)草(そう) (kagaribisō): cyclamen
  • 鹿(か)の子(こ)草(そう) (kanokosō): valerian
  • 甘草(かんぞう) (kanzō): licorice
  • 吉草(きっそう) (kissō): valerian
  • 駒(コマ)草(クサ) (komakusa): Dicentra peregrina
  • 纈草(けっそう) (kessō): valerian
  • 香草(こうそう) (kōsō): fragrant herb
  • 嫩草(どんそう) (donsō): young grass
  • 波布草(はぶそう) (habusō): coffee senna
  • 菠薐草(ほうれんそう) (hōrensō): spinach
  • 薬草(やくそう) (yakusō): medicinal herb or plants
  • 鎧(よろい)草(ぐさ) (yoroigusa): Angelica dahurica
  • 緑(りょく)草(そう) (ryokusō): lush green grass
  • 霊草(れいそう) (reisō): mysterious or mystical herb or plants
  • 草書(そうしょ) (sōsho): grass script (cursive writing)
  • 草(くさ)冠(かんむり) (kusakanmuri): "grass crown"
  • 草(くさ)木(き) (kusaki): grass(es) and trees - plants
  • 穀草(こくそう) (kokusō): cereal, rice grasses
  • 草原(そうげん) (sōgen): grassland, meadow
  • 草(くさ)薙(なき)の剣(つるぎ) (Kusanaki no Tsurugi): Kusanagi no Tsurugi
  • 七(なな)草(くさ)の節句(せっく) (nanakusa no sekku): the festival of seven herbs
  • 豚(ぶた)草(くさ) (butakusa): common ragweed
  • ぺんぺん草(ぐさ) (penpengusa): shepherd's purse

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
草
くさ
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese, ultimately from Proto-Japonic *kusa. Found in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.

Possible derivation from onomatopoeic かさかさ (referring to the dry, rustling sound of grass).[1]

The development of the fake, amateur senses is unclear.

Alternative forms

  • 艸 (uncommon)

Pronunciation

  • Kun’yomi
    • (Tokyo) くさ​ [kùsáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[2][3]
    • IPA(key): [kɯ̟̊ᵝsa̠]

Noun

草(くさ) • (kusa) 

  1. grass
    草(くさ)を刈(か)る
    kusa o karu
    to cut grass
    Synonym: (in reference to a lawn) 芝生 (shibafu)
  2. a weed
  3. a herb
    Synonyms: ハーブ (hābu), (medicinal) 薬草 (yakusō), (cooking) 香草 (kōsō)
  4. a scout, a spy (from the way one would hide in the grass to observe enemy troops)
  5. (figurative, slang, rare) pubic hair

Prefix

草(くさ) • (kusa-) 

  1. a fake, a mimic, not the real thing
    草(くさ)蜉蝣(かげろう)
    kusakagerō
    a lacewing fly (literally, “fake or mimic dragonfly”, from the visual resemblance)
  2. amateur, small-time
    草(くさ)野(や)球(きゅう)、草(くさ)競(けい)馬(ば)
    kusayakyū, kusakeiba
    amateur or pick-up baseball, small-time horse-racing

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
草
そう
Grade: 1
on’yomi

/sau/ → /sɔː/ → /soː/

From Middle Chinese 草 (MC t͡sʰɑuX).

Pronunciation

  • On’yomi
    • (Tokyo) そ​ー [sóꜜò] (Atamadaka – [1])[2][3]
    • IPA(key): [so̞ː]

Noun

草(そう) • (sō) ←さう (sau)?

  1. grass
  2. a draft, a rough copy
  3. cursive, calligraphy in a running hand
  4. something unofficial, an informal abbreviation or knock-off
Synonyms
  • (draft): 草案(そうあん) (sōan)
  • (cursive): 草書(そうしょ) (sōsho, a document), 草仮名(そうがな) (sōgana, phonetic man'yōgana characters written in cursive)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
草
くさ
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

From the resemblance of multiple repetitions of w (“LOL”) to grass: wwwwwwwww.

Possibly influenced by the term くすくす (kusukusu), an adverb indicating stifled laughter. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation

  • Kun’yomi
    • (Tokyo) くさ​ [kùsáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[2][3]
    • IPA(key): [kɯ̟̊ᵝsa̠]

Noun

草(くさ) • (kusa) 

  1. (Internet slang) "grass", in reference to the expression w (“LOL”); LOLs

Phrase

草(くさ) • (kusa) 

  1. Short for 草生える (kusa haeru): (Internet slang) … it's hilarious
    Synonyms: 草生える (kusa haeru), 笑える (waraeru)
    鯖(さば)落(お)ちてて草(くさ)
    saba ochitete kusa
    lol the server's down
    下手(へた)すぎて草(くさ)
    heta-sugite kusa
    hilariously shitty
    4日(よっか)しかないのは草(くさ)
    yokka shika nai no wa kusa
    only 4 days left haha
Derived terms
  • 大草原(だいそうげん) (daisōgen, literally “great fields of grass”)
  • 草(くさ)生(は)える (kusa haeru, literally “grass grows”)
  • 草(くさ)不可避(ふかひ) (kusa fukahi, literally “grass is unavoidable”)
  • 大爆笑:
  • 笑:

References

  1. 草／くさ - Gogen Yurai Jiten (in Japanese)
  2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

草 (eumhun 풀 초 (pul cho))

  1. Hanja form? of 초 (“grass”).

Vietnamese

Han character

草: Hán Nôm readings: thảo, tháu, xáo

  1. grass
  2. straw
  3. thatch
  4. herbs

References

  • Nom Foundation
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