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单词 良
释义

良

See also: 艮, 皀, 飠, 食, and 民
良 U+826F, 良
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-826F
← 艮
[U+826E]		CJK Unified Ideographs艰 →
[U+8270]
良 U+F97C, 良
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F97C
← 糧
[U+F97B]		CJK Compatibility Ideographs諒 →
[U+F97D]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

良 (Kangxi radical 138, 艮+1, 7 strokes, cangjie input 戈日女 (IAV), four-corner 30732, composition ⿱丶艮(GHT) or ⿱丨艮(JK) or ⿱一艮(V))

  1. good, virtuous, respectable

Derived characters

  • 俍 哴 埌 娘 㟍 悢 𢭗 浪 狼 斏 㫰 朖 桹 㱢 烺 琅 䀶 硠 稂 𧚅 粮 羪 艆 蜋 誏 踉 躴 䡙 酿 鋃(锒) 𫝥 駺 䯖 𩷕 郞 食 㝗 崀 莨 䆡 䍚 筤 飬 籑 㢃 㾗 閬(阆)
  • 剆 㓪 朗 欴 郎 郒 飠

Descendants

  • ら
  • ラ

References

  • KangXi: page 1013, character 23
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30597
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1472, character 16
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3170, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+826F
  • Unihan data for U+F97C

Chinese

simp. and trad.
良
alternative forms
 
𡰩
𡆨
𥭣
𣌣
𣌩
𡰩
𡆨
𥭣
𣌣
𣌩
𥭷

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 良
ShangWestern ZhouWarring StatesShuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone scriptBronze inscriptionsChu slip and silk scriptSmall seal scriptTranscribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (良) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
剆*raːl, *raːlʔ
郎*raːŋ
稂*raːŋ
桹*raːŋ
鋃*raːŋ
硠*raːŋ
浪*raːŋ, *raːŋs
蜋*raːŋ, *raŋ
琅*raːŋ
狼*raːŋ
欴*raːŋ
踉*raːŋ, *raŋ, *raŋs
莨*raːŋ, *raːŋs
艆*raːŋ
駺*raːŋ
躴*raːŋ
筤*raːŋ
閬*raːŋ, *raːŋs
哴*raːŋ, *raŋs
蓈*raːŋ
廊*raːŋ
榔*raːŋ, *raːŋʔ
螂*raːŋ
瑯*raːŋ
朗*raːŋʔ
朖*raːŋʔ
誏*raːŋʔ
俍*raːŋʔ
崀*raːŋʔ
埌*raːŋs
蒗*raːŋs
娘*naŋ
良*raŋ
粮*raŋ
悢*raŋs

Pictogram (象形) . Possibly depicts corridors and a room, in which case it would be the original form of 廊.

Etymology

Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *l(j)a(k/ŋ) (“good, beautiful”).

Pronunciation 1

  • Mandarin
    (Standard)
    (Pinyin): liáng (liang2)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄤˊ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): лён (li͡on, I)
  • Cantonese
    (Guangzhou, Jyutping): loeng4
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): liang3
  • Gan (Wiktionary): liong4
  • Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): liòng
    (Meixian, Guangdong): liong2
  • Jin (Wiktionary): lion1
  • Min Bei (KCR): liǒng
  • Min Dong (BUC): luòng
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): liông / liâng / niû
    (Teochew, Peng'im): liang5
  • Wu (Wiktionary): lian (T3)
  • Xiang (Wiktionary): lian2
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: liáng
      • Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄤˊ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: liáng
      • Wade–Giles: liang2
      • Yale: lyáng
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: liang
      • Palladius: лян (ljan)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ljɑŋ³⁵/
    • (Dungan)
      • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: лён (li͡on, I)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /liɑŋ²⁴/
      (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: loeng4
      • Yale: lèuhng
      • Cantonese Pinyin: loeng4
      • Guangdong Romanization: lêng4
      • Sinological IPA (key): /lœːŋ²¹/
    • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
      • Wiktionary: liang3
      • Sinological IPA (key): /liaŋ²²/
  • Gan
    • (Nanchang)
      • Wiktionary: liong4
      • Sinological IPA (key): /liɔŋ³⁵/
  • Hakka
    • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: liòng
      • Hakka Romanization System: liongˇ
      • Hagfa Pinyim: liong2
      • Sinological IPA: /li̯oŋ¹¹/
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: liong2
      • Sinological IPA: /liɔŋ¹¹/
  • Jin
    • (Taiyuan)+
      • Wiktionary: lion1
      • Sinological IPA (old-style): /liɒ̃¹¹/
  • Min Bei
    • (Jian'ou)
      • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: liǒng
      • Sinological IPA (key): /liɔŋ²¹/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: luòng
      • Sinological IPA (key): /l̃uoŋ⁵³/
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liông
      • Tâi-lô: liông
      • Phofsit Daibuun: lioong
      • IPA (Kaohsiung): /liɔŋ²³/
      • IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei): /liɔŋ²⁴/
    • (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan, Zhangzhou)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liâng
      • Tâi-lô: liâng
      • Phofsit Daibuun: liaang
      • IPA (Kaohsiung): /liaŋ²³/
      • IPA (Zhangzhou): /liaŋ¹³/
    • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: niû
      • Tâi-lô: niû
      • Phofsit Daibuun: niuu
      • IPA (Quanzhou, Xiamen): /niũ²⁴/
Note:
  • liông/liâng - literary;
  • niû - vernacular.
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: liang5
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: liâng
      • Sinological IPA (key): /liaŋ⁵⁵/
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: lian (T3)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /liã²³/
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: lian2
      • Sinological IPA (key): /liæn¹³/
  • Middle Chinese: /lɨɐŋ/
Rime
Character良
Reading #1/1
Initial (聲)來 (37)
Final (韻)陽 (105)
Tone (調)Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)Open
Division (等)III
Fanqie呂章切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/lɨɐŋ/
Pan
Wuyun		/liɐŋ/
Shao
Rongfen		/liɑŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/lɨaŋ/
Li
Rong		/liaŋ/
Wang
Li		/lĭaŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren		/li̯aŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		liáng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		loeng4
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]aŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*raŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character良
Reading #1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		liáng
Middle
Chinese		‹ ljang ›
Old
Chinese		/*[r]aŋ/
Englishgood

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character良
Reading #1/1
No.8046
Phonetic
component		良
Rime
group		陽
Rime
subdivision		0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese		/*raŋ/
Notes甲金文象宮外兩邊有廊爲廊初文，
王侍從常在廊，
遂稱之良或郎得貴官義

Definitions

良

  1. good; fine; well
  2. good; virtuous; respectable
  3. good person; virtuous person
  4. (literary) innate; inherent; natural
  5. very; very much; quite
  6. (literary) really; certainly; surely
  7. (obsolete) term of address used by a woman for her husband
  8. a surname

Compounds

Derived terms from 良

Pronunciation 2

  • Mandarin
    (Pinyin): liǎng (liang3)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄤˇ
  • Cantonese (Jyutping): loeng5
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: liǎng
      • Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄤˇ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: liǎng
      • Wade–Giles: liang3
      • Yale: lyǎng
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: leang
      • Palladius: лян (ljan)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ljɑŋ²¹⁴/
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: loeng5
      • Yale: léuhng
      • Cantonese Pinyin: loeng5
      • Guangdong Romanization: lêng5
      • Sinological IPA (key): /lœːŋ¹³/

Definitions

良

  1. Only used in 方良, alternative form of 魍魎／魍魉 (wǎngliǎng).

References

  • (Min Nan) “Query for 良”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan], Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.
  • “良”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

良

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. good

Readings

  • Go-on: ろう (rō)←らう (rau, historical)
  • Kan-on: りょう (ryō, Jōyō)←りやう (ryau, historical)
  • Kun: よい (yoi, 良い, Jōyō); いい (ii, 良い)
  • Nanori: じ (ji); つかさ (tsukasa); なが (naga); まこと (makoto); よし (yoshi); ら (ra); りょ (ryo)

Compounds

  • 良(よ)い (yoi), 良(い)い (ii, “good, beneficial”)
  • 良(よ)さ (yosa, “merit, virtue”)
  • 良(よ)く (yoku, “well, much”)
  • 良好(りょうこう) (ryōkō, “good, fine”)
  • 良質(りょうしつ) (ryōshitsu, “good quality”)
  • 良否(りょうひ) (ryōhi, “quality”)
  • 良心(りょうしん) (ryōshin, “conscience”)
  • 良識(りょうしき) (ryōshiki, “good sense”)
  • 良(よ)い男(おとこ) (yoi otoko, “handsome man”)
  • 良(りょう)導体(どうたい) (ryōdōtai, “good conductor”)
  • 良(よ)い天気(てんき) (yoi tenki, “fair weather”)
  • 良(よ)かったら (yokattara, “if you like”)
  • 最良(さいりょう) (sairyō, “best, ideal”)
  • 優良(ゆうりょう) (yūryō, “superior, excellent”)
  • 改良(かいりょう) (kairyō, “improvement, reform”)
  • 不良(ふりょう) (furyō, “badness, delinquency”)
  • 善良(ぜんりょう) (zenryō, “goodness, excellence”)
  • 野良(のら) (nora, “the fields”)
  • 純良品(じゅんりょうびん) (junryōbin, “genuine article”)
  • 仲(なか)良(よ)し (nakayoshi, “intimacy, bosom buddy”)
  • 読(よ)み良(よ)い (yomiyoi, “easy to read”)
  • 気分(きぶん)が良(よ)い (kibun ga yoi, “feel good”)
  • 健康(けんこう)に良(よ)い (kenkō ni yoi, “be good for the health”)
  • 丁度(ちょうど)良(よ)い時(とき)に (chōdo yoi toki ni, “none too soon”)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
良
りょう
Grade: 4
kan’on

Noun

良(りょう) • (ryō) ←りやう (ryau)?

  1. (school mark) good, B
    数学(すうがく)の成績(せいせき)は良(りょう)だった
    sūgaku no seiseki wa ryō datta
    I got a B in math

Proper noun

良(りょう) • (Ryō) ←りやう (ryau)?

  1. a male given name

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 良 (MC lɨɐŋ).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448랴ᇰ (Yale: lyàng)
Middle Korean
TextEumhun
Gloss (hun)Reading
Gwangju Cheonjamun, 1575알 (Yale: al)량 (Yale: lyang)
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576어딜 (Yale: etil)량 (Yale: lyang)
Seokbong Cheonjamun, 1583어딜 (Yale: etil)냥 (Yale: nyang)

Pronunciation

  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ja̠ŋ] ~ [ɾja̠ŋ]
  • Phonetic hangul: [양/량]

Hanja

良 (eumhun 어질 량 (eojil ryang), South Korea 어질 양 (eojil yang))

  1. Hanja form? of 양 (“good”). [affix]
  2. Hanja form? of 량 (“good”). [affix]

Compounds

Compounds
  • 개량 (改良, gaeryang)
  • 불량 (不良, bullyang)
  • 선량 (善良, seollyang)
  • 순량 (淳良, sullyang)
  • 양민 (良民, yangmin)
  • 양심 (良心, yangsim, “conscience”)
  • 양우 (良友, yang'u)
  • 양인 (良人, yang'in)
  • 양질 (良質, yangjil, “good quality”)
  • 양호 (良好, yangho)
  • 양화 (良貨, yanghwa)
  • 우량 (優良, uryang)
  • 한량 (閑良, hallyang)

Old Korean

Phonogram

良 (*a)

  1. A syllabic phonogram denoting the syllable *a (generally not word-initial)

Suffix

良 (*-a)

  1. The verbal and adjectival infinitive suffix.
Descendants
  • Middle Korean: 어〮 (-é), 아〮 (-á)
    • Korean: 어 (-eo), 아 (-a)

Particle

良 (*-a)

  1. in; at; on; locative case marker, attested primarily in hyangga poems
    • c. 750, 月明師 (Wolmyeongsa), “祭亡妹歌 (Jemangmae-ga)”, in 三國遺事 (Samguk Yusa) [Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms]:
      一等隱枝良出古
      *HAton KACI-a NA-kwo
      even though they sprout on a single branch
Usage notes
  • First-millennium Old Korean also featured the locative particle 中 (*-kuy). The two particles were compounded as 良中 (*-a-kuy) as early as the seventh century. The compounded form becomes predominant in the corpus after the eleventh century, after which 良 (*-a) in isolation is not encountered. The compounded form eventually fused into a single morpheme, becoming the Middle Korean locative particle 에〮/애〮 (-éy/áy).
  • After the fourteenth century, Korean scribes occasionally reused the character 良 (良) to write 에〮/애〮 (-éy/áy). This is a feature of Middle Korean writing, not Old Korean.
Descendants
  • Old Korean: 良中 (*-akuy) (compounded with 中 (*-kuy))
    • Middle Korean: 에〮 (-éy)
      • Korean: 에 (-e)
See also
  • 中 (*-kuy) (locative case marker)
  • 矣 (*-uy) (locative case marker)
  • 良中 (*-akuy) (locative case marker predominant after the eleventh century)

References

  • 배대은 (Bae Dae-eun) (1996), “Idu cheogyeok josa-ui tongsijeok gochal [A diachronic study of locative case markers in Idu]”, in Baedalmal, volume 21, pages 139–156
  • 이승재 (Lee Seung-jae) (2000), “Chaja pyogi jaryo-ui gyeokjosa yeon'gu [Study of case markers in the Chinese-based orthography [of Korean]]”, in Gugeo Gukmunhak, volume 127, pages 107–132
  • Hwang Seon-yeop (2006). "Godae gugeo-ui cheogyeok josa" 고대국어의 처격조사] ["The locative case markers of Old Korean"]. Hanmal Yeon'gu Hakhoe Jeon'guk Haksul Daehoe (conference). Seongnam, South Korea. pp. 35–48.
  • Nam Pung-hyun (2012), “Old Korean”, in The Languages of Japan and Korea, Routledge, →ISBN, pages 41–72

Vietnamese

Han character

良: Hán Nôm readings: lương

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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