習

習

See also: 习 and 𮊸

習 U+7FD2, 習 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7FD2 ← 翑 [U+7FD1] CJK Unified Ideographs 翓 → [U+7FD3]

Translingual

Han character

習 (Kangxi radical 124, 羽+5, 11 strokes, cangjie input 尸一竹日 (SMHA), four-corner 1760₂, composition ⿱羽白)

References

• KangXi: page 956, character 23
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 28672
• Dae Jaweon: page 1402, character 3
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3345, character 1
• Unihan data for U+7FD2

---

Chinese

trad.		習
simp.		习
alternative forms		𮊸

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (習) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
摺	*ruːb, *ʔljob
磖	*ruːb
褶	*ʔljob, *l'ɯːb, *ljub, *ɦljub
慴	*ʔljob, *l'ɯːb
霫	*slub, *ljub
習	*ljub
鰼	*ljub
騽	*ljub, *ɢrub
飁	*ljub
槢	*ljub
熠	*ɢrub, *lub

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 羽 (“wings”) + 日 (“sun”) – to learn to fly, to practice flying.

In the current form, 日 (rì, “sun”) has changed to 白 (bái, “white”), so the present form is 羽 (“wings”) + 白 (“white”).

Alternatively, the original form may have been a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljub) : phonetic 彗 (OC *sɢʷeds, *ɢʷeds, *sɢʷids) + semantic 日 (“sun”).

Etymology

Two general semantic fields are found in the senses: "to flap the wings; to flutter" and "to practice". They are generally considered to be the same word, with the link being "to repeatedly flap the wings (in order to learn to fly)", a sense attested in Liji.

Area word:

• Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-lwap (“to learn”): Tibetan སློབ (slob, “to learn”), སློབས (slobs, “exercise; training”); Mizo tlip (“to repeat; to do again; to perfect”),
• Mon-Khmer: Khmer ធ្លាប់ (thlŏəp, “to become accustomed to; to have the habit of; marker of continuous action in the past”); Proto-Mon *le̤p ("to know how to, be skilled in") > Mon လေပ် (lèp, “to be versed in”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): xí (xi²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧˊ

  (Chengdu, SP): xi²

• Cantonese (Jyutping): zaap⁶, zap⁶
• Gan (Wiktionary): xit⁶
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): si̍p

  (Meixian, Guangdong): xib⁶

• Jin (Wiktionary): xieh⁵
• Min Bei (KCR): sĭ
• Min Dong (BUC): sĭk
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): si̍p

  (Teochew, Peng'im): sib⁸

• Wu (Wiktionary): xxiq (T5)
• Xiang (Wiktionary): si⁶

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: xí
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: sí
    • Wade–Giles: hsi²
    • Yale: syí
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyi
    • Palladius: си (si)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi³⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: xi²
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xi
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi²¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: zaap⁶, zap⁶
    • Yale: jaahp, jahp
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dzaap⁹, dzap⁹
    • Guangdong Romanization: zab⁶, zeb⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡saːp̚²/, /t͡sɐp̚²/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: xit⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕit̚⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: si̍p
    • Hakka Romanization System: xib
    • Hagfa Pinyim: xib⁶
    • Sinological IPA: /ɕip̚⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: xib⁶
    • Sinological IPA: /ɕip̚⁵/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: xieh⁵
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕiəʔ⁵⁴/
• Min Bei
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: sĭ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /si²⁴/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: sĭk
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /siʔ⁵/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: si̍p
    • Tâi-lô: si̍p
    • Phofsit Daibuun: sip
    • IPA (Xiamen): /ɕip̚⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /ɕip̚²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɕip̚¹²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /ɕip̚⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɕip̚⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: sib⁸
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: si̍p
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sip̚⁴/
• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • Wiktionary: xxiq (T5)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʑ̥i̯ɪʔ¹²/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: si⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /si²⁴/
    • Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /ɕi²⁴/

---

• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 習
Mandarin	Beijing	/ɕi³⁵/
	Harbin	/ɕi²⁴/
	Tianjin	/ɕi⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/ɕi⁴²/
	Qingdao	/si⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/si⁴²/
	Xi'an	/ɕi²⁴/
	Xining	/ɕji²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/ɕi¹³/
	Lanzhou	/ɕi¹³/
	Ürümqi	/ɕi²¹³/
	Wuhan	/ɕi²¹³/
	Chengdu	/ɕi³¹/
	Guiyang	/ɕi²¹/
	Kunming	/ɕi³¹/
	Nanjing	/siʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/ɕiəʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/ɕiəʔ⁵⁴/
	Pingyao	/ɕiʌʔ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/ɕiəʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/ʑiɪʔ¹/
	Suzhou	/ziəʔ³/
	Hangzhou	/d͡ʑiəʔ²/
	Wenzhou	/zai²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/t͡sʰi²²/
	Tunxi	/t͡sʰe¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/si²⁴/
	Xiangtan	/si²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/ɕiʔ⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/sip̚⁵/
	Taoyuan	/sip̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/t͡sap̚²/
	Nanning	/t͡sɐp̚²²/
	Hong Kong	/t͡sap̚²/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/sip̚⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/siʔ⁵/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/si²⁴/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/sip̚⁵/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/t͡sip̚³/

---

• Middle Chinese: /ziɪp̚/

Rime
Character	習
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	邪 (17)
Final (韻)	侵 (141)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	似入切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ziɪp̚/
Pan Wuyun	/zip̚/
Shao Rongfen	/zjep̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/zip̚/
Li Rong	/ziəp̚/
Wang Li	/zĭĕp̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/zi̯əp̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xí
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zap6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-ɢʷəp/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ljub/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	習
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xí
Middle Chinese	‹ zip ›
Old Chinese	/*s-ɢʷəp/ (with root *ɢʷəp ‘wing’?)
English	repeat; practice
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	習
Reading #	1/1
No.	13387
Phonetic component	習
Rime group	緝
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	習
Old Chinese	/*ljub/

Definitions

習

1. (obsolete) to flap (the wings); to flutter; to repeatedly flap the wings
2. to practice; to exercise; to review

   練習／练习  ―  liànxí  ―  to practice

   • 學而時習之，不亦說乎？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     学而时习之，不亦说乎？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, Wiktionary translation

     Xué ér shí xí zhī, bùyì yuè hū? [Pinyin]

     Is it not a pleasure to learn and practice frequently what one has learned?

3. to study; to learn

   習武／习武  ―  xíwǔ  ―  to learn martial arts

   自習／自习  ―  zìxí  ―  to study by oneself

4. to become familiar with; to be used to

   習以為常／习以为常  ―  xíyǐwéicháng  ―  to be used to something

   不習水性／不习水性  ―  bùxíshuǐxìng  ―  to not know how to swim

5. habit; custom

   習慣／习惯  ―  xíguàn  ―  habit; custom

   陋習／陋习  ―  lòuxí  ―  bad habit

6. (literary, obsolete) trusted follower
7. often; frequently

   習見／习见  ―  xíjiàn  ―  to frequently see (something)

8. a surname

   習近平／习近平  ―  Xí Jìnpíng  ―  Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China

Compounds

修習／修习 傳習／传习 (chuánxí) 刻苦學習／刻苦学习 學習／学习 (xuéxí) 實習／实习 (shíxí) 惡習／恶习 (èxí) 抓緊學習／抓紧学习 溫習／温习 (wēnxí) 演習／演习 (yǎnxí) 熟習／熟习 (shúxí) 痼習／痼习 相沿成習／相沿成习 研習／研习 (yánxí) 積習／积习 (jīxí) 積習難改／积习难改 (jīxínángǎi) 練習／练习 (liànxí) 習以成俗／习以成俗 習以成性／习以成性

習以為常／习以为常 (xíyǐwéicháng) 習俗／习俗 (xísú) 習俗移性／习俗移性 習坎／习坎 習家店／习家店 (Xíjiādiàn) 習得性／习得性 習得性無助感／习得性无助感 習性／习性 (xíxìng) 習慣／习惯 (xíguàn) 習慣性／习惯性 習慣成自然／习惯成自然 (xíguàn chéng zìrán) 習慣法／习惯法 (xíguànfǎ) 習慣用法／习惯用法 習慣用語／习惯用语 (xíguàn yòngyǔ) 習慣自然／习惯自然 習慣若自然／习惯若自然 習氣／习气 (xíqì)

習水／习水 習水縣／习水县 習用／习用 (xíyòng) 習習／习习 (xíxí) 習近平／习近平 習題／习题 (xítí) 聯想學習／联想学习 自習／自习 (zìxí) 舊習／旧习 補習／补习 (bǔxí) 複習／复习 (fùxí) 見習／见习 (jiànxí) 軍事演習／军事演习 (jūnshì yǎnxí) 陋習／陋习 (lòuxí) 陳規舊習／陈规旧习 陳規陋習／陈规陋习 預習／预习 (yùxí)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (習):

• → Japanese: 習(しゅう) (shū)
• → Korean: 습(習) (seup)
• → Vietnamese: tập (習)

Others:

• → English: Hsi, Xi

References

• “習”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學／香港中文大学 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

---

Japanese

Shinjitai	習
Kyūjitai [1]	習󠄁 習+󠄁? (Adobe-Japan1)
	習󠄃 習+󠄃? (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details.

Kanji

習

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

1. learn

Readings

• Go-on: じゅう (jū)^{←じふ (zifu, historical)}
• Kan-on: しゅう (shū, Jōyō)^{←しふ (sifu, historical)}
• Kun: ならう (narau, 習う, Jōyō); ならい (narai, 習い)
• Nanori: しげ (shige)

Compounds

• 練(れん)習(しゅう) (renshū): practice
• 慣(かん)習(しゅう) (kanshū): common practice
• 習(しゅう)慣(かん) (shūkan): custom, habit
• 自(じ)習(しゅう) (jishū): self-study

References

1. “習”, in 漢字ぺディア (Kanjipedia)‎ (in Japanese), 日本漢字能力検定協会, 2015—2023

---

Korean

Hanja

習 (eumhun 익힐 습 (ikhil seup))

1. Hanja form^? of 습 (“practice”).

---

Vietnamese

Han character

習: Hán Nôm readings: tập, chập, dập, giặp, tấp, xập, sập

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.