罪

See also: 辠

罪	U+7F6A, 罪 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7F6A

← 罩
[U+7F69]

CJK Unified Ideographs

罫 →
[U+7F6B]

Translingual

Han character

罪 (Kangxi radical 122, 网+8, 13 strokes, cangjie input 田中中一卜 (WLLMY), four-corner 6011₁, composition ⿱罒非)

References

KangXi: page 948, character 13

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 28293

Dae Jaweon: page 1389, character 12

Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2920, character 7

Unihan data for U+7F6A

Chinese

trad.		罪
simp. ^#		罪
alternative forms		辠

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (罪) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
罪	*zuːlʔ
辠	*zuːlʔ
𢶀	*zruːl

Ideogrammic compound (會意) : 罒 (“net”) + 非 (“mistake”).

Etymology

Unclear. Possibly of Sino-Tibetan origin and cognate with Mizo sual (“(adj.) bad, evil, vile, corrupt; (v. tr.) (to attempt) to criminally assault, to rape (a woman)”) (Schuessler, 2007).Compare with Burmese ဆိုး (hcui:, “bad, wicked, evil”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): zuì (zui⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄗㄨㄟˋ
(Chengdu, SP): zui⁴
(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): зуй (zuy, III)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): zeoi⁶
(Taishan, Wiktionary): dui⁵
Gan (Wiktionary): cui⁵
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): chhui
(Meixian, Guangdong): cui⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): zui³
Min Bei (KCR): cò
Min Dong (BUC): cô̤i
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): chǒe / chōe / chěr / chē
(Teochew, Peng'im): zuê⁶
Wu (Wiktionary): zoe (T3); ze (T3)
Xiang (Wiktionary): zei⁵ / zei⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: zuì
  - Zhuyin: ㄗㄨㄟˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: zuèi
  - Wade–Giles: tsui⁴
  - Yale: dzwèi
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzuey
  - Palladius: цзуй (czuj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sweɪ̯⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: zui⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: zui
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡suei²¹³/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: зуй (zuy, III)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡suei⁴⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: zeoi⁶
  - Yale: jeuih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzoey⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: zêu⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ʃɵy̯²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: dui⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tui³²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: cui⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰui¹¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhui
  - Hakka Romanization System: cui
  - Hagfa Pinyim: cui⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰu̯i⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: cui⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰuɪ⁵³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: zui³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡suei⁴⁵/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cò
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡so⁴²/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: cô̤i
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɔy²⁴²/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chǒe
  - Tâi-lô: tsuě
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sue²²/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chōe
  - Tâi-lô: tsuē
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zoe
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡sue³³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡sue²²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chěr
  - Tâi-lô: tsěr
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sə²²/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chē
  - Tâi-lô: tsē
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ze
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡se²²/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡se³³/

Note:

chǒe/chōe - literary;
chěr/chē - vernacular.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: zuê⁶
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsuĕ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sue³⁵/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: zoe (T3); ze (T3)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /z̥ø²³/, /z̥e̞²³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: zei⁵ / zei⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡se̞i²¹/, /t͡se̞i⁴⁵/

Note:

zei4 - literary;
zei5 - vernacular.

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 罪
Mandarin	Beijing	/t͡suei⁵¹/
	Harbin	/t͡suei⁵³/
	Tianjin	/t͡suei⁵³/
	Jinan	/t͡suei²¹/
	Qingdao	/t͡sue⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/t͡suei³¹²/
	Xi'an	/t͡suei⁴⁴/
	Xining	/t͡suɨ²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/t͡suei¹³/
	Lanzhou	/t͡suei¹³/
	Ürümqi	/t͡suei²¹³/
	Wuhan	/t͡sei³⁵/
	Chengdu	/t͡suei¹³/
	Guiyang	/t͡suei²¹³/
	Kunming	/t͡suei²¹²/
	Nanjing	/t͡suəi⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/t͡se⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/t͡suei⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/t͡suæ³⁵/
	Hohhot	/t͡suei⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/ze²³/
	Suzhou	/ze̞³¹/
	Hangzhou	/d͡zz̩ʷei¹³/
	Wenzhou	/zai³⁵/
Hui	Shexian	/t͡ɕʰye²²/
Hui	Tunxi	/t͡sʰə²⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/t͡sei⁵⁵/ /t͡sei¹¹/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/d͡zəi²¹/
Gan	Nanchang	/t͡sʰui²¹/
Hakka	Meixian	/t͡sʰui⁵³/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/t͡sʰui⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/t͡søy²²/
	Nanning	/t͡sui²²/
	Hong Kong	/t͡søy²²/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/t͡sue²²/ /t͡se²²/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/t͡sɔy²⁴²/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/t͡so⁴²/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/t͡sue³⁵/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/tui³³/

Middle Chinese: /d͡zuʌi^X/

Rime
Character	罪
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	從 (15)
Final (韻)	灰 (42)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	徂賄切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡zuʌi^X/
Pan Wuyun	/d͡zuoi^X/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡zuɒi^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/d͡zwəj^X/
Li Rong	/d͡zuᴀi^X/
Wang Li	/d͡zuɒi^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/d͡zʱuɑ̆i^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zuì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zeoi⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[dz]ˤujʔ/
(Zhengzhang): /*zuːlʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	罪
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zuì
Middle Chinese	‹ dzwoj^X ›
Old Chinese	/*[dz]ˁujʔ/
English	crime, offense
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	罪
Reading #	1/1
No.	17981
Phonetic component	罪
Rime group	微
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	辠
Old Chinese	/*zuːlʔ/
Notes	同辠

Definitions

罪

crime; vice
- 萬方有罪，罪在朕躬。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  万方有罪，罪在朕躬。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Wànfāng yǒuzuì, zuì zài zhèngōng. [Pinyin]
  If you in the myriad regions commit offenses, these offenses must rest on my person.
(theology) sin
hardship; suffering
fault

Compounds

Derived terms from 罪

七大死罪
不知不罪
代罪羔羊 (dàizuì gāoyáng)
伏罪 (fúzuì)
伐罪
何罪之有 (hézuìzhīyǒu)
免罪 (miǎnzuì)
入罪
公罪
共犯罪
判罪 (pànzuì)
功罪
千古罪人 (qiāngǔzuìrén)
原罪 (yuánzuì)
受罪 (shòuzuì)
可罪
吃罪
同罪 (tóngzuì)
告罪 (gàozuì)
坐罪
委罪
定罪 (dìngzuì)
少年犯罪 (shàonián fànzuì)
待罪 (dàizuì)
待罪羔羊
得罪 (dézuì)
性犯罪 (xìngfànzuì)
怪罪 (guàizuì)
恕罪 (shùzuì)
悔罪自新
惹罪招愆
戴罪立功
抱罪
抵罪 (dǐzuì)
教唆罪
智能犯罪
暴力犯罪
替罪羊 (tìzuìyáng)
替罪羔羊
有罪 (yǒuzuì)
服罪 (fúzuì)
死罪 (sǐzuì)
治罪 (zhìzuì)
泣罪
洋罪
活受罪 (huóshòuzuì)
涅槃罪度
滔天之罪
滔天大罪 (tāotiāndàzuì)
犯罪 (fànzuì)
犯罪率 (fànzuìlǜ)
畏罪 (wèizuì)
科罪
罪上加罪
罪不可赦 (zuìbùkěshè)
罪人 (zuìrén)
罪人不孥
罪人不帑
罪以功除
罪刑 (zuìxíng)
罪加一等
罪名 (zuìmíng)
罪因
罪嫌 (zuìxián)
罪孽 (zuìniè)

罪孽深重 (zuìniè shēnzhòng)
罪己 (zuìjǐ)
罪性
罪情
罪愆 (zuìqiān)
罪戾 (zuìlì)
罪案 (zuì'àn)
罪犯 (zuìfàn)
罪莫大焉
罪行 (zuìxíng)
罪逆深重
罪障
罪魁 (zuìkuí)
背信罪
自找罪受
被罪 (bèizuì)
觳觫伏罪
赦罪 (shèzuì)
迷天大罪
逃罪 (táozuì)
造罪
遭罪 (zāozuì)
重罪 (zhòngzuì)
降罪
除罪
陪罪 (péizuì)
侵占罪
下車泣罪／下车泣罪
以功贖罪／以功赎罪
伐罪弔民／伐罪吊民
併贓治罪／并赃治罪
俯首認罪／俯首认罪
傷害罪／伤害罪
內亂罪／内乱罪
叛亂罪／叛乱罪
和誘罪／和诱罪
問罪／问罪 (wènzuì)
問罪之師／问罪之师
奉辭伐罪／奉辞伐罪
將功折罪／将功折罪
將功贖罪／将功赎罪
帶罪徵收／带罪征收
帶罪立功／带罪立功
弔民伐罪／吊民伐罪
強制罪／强制罪
彌天大罪／弥天大罪 (mítiāndàzuì)
惡稔罪盈／恶稔罪盈
懷璧其罪／怀璧其罪 (huáibìqízuì)
懼罪／惧罪
戴罪圖功／戴罪图功
掩罪藏惡／掩罪藏恶
掩罪飾非／掩罪饰非
搶奪罪／抢夺罪
數罪併罰／数罪并罚 (shùzuì bìngfá)
歸罪／归罪 (guīzuì)
死有餘罪／死有余罪
殺人罪／杀人罪
毀損罪／毁损罪
法獄治罪／法狱治罪
滅罪修因／灭罪修因
無罪／无罪 (wúzuì)
無罪開釋／无罪开释
無頭罪／无头罪
犯罪現場／犯罪现场 (fànzuì xiànchǎng)
獲罪／获罪 (huòzuì)

畏罪潛逃／畏罪潜逃
畏罪自殺／畏罪自杀
白領犯罪／白领犯罪
禍首罪魁／祸首罪魁
竊占罪／窃占罪
立功贖罪／立功赎罪
經濟犯罪／经济犯罪
罪不容誅／罪不容诛 (zuìbùróngzhū)
罪大惡極／罪大恶极 (zuìdà'èjí)
罪己詔／罪己诏 (zuìjǐzhào)
罪惡／罪恶 (zuì'è)
罪惡如山／罪恶如山
罪惡感／罪恶感 (zuì'ègǎn)
罪惡昭著／罪恶昭著 (zuì'èzhāozhù)
罪惡深重／罪恶深重
罪惡滔天／罪恶滔天
罪惡貫盈／罪恶贯盈 (zuì'è guànyíng)
罪有應得／罪有应得 (zuìyǒuyīngdé)
罪有攸歸／罪有攸归
罪案總數／罪案总数
罪案記錄／罪案记录
罪業／罪业 (zuìyè)
罪業深重／罪业深重
罪無可逭／罪无可逭
罪狀／罪状 (zuìzhuàng)
罪當萬死／罪当万死
罪與罰／罪与罚
罪該萬死／罪该万死 (zuìgāiwànsǐ)
罪證／罪证 (zuìzhèng)
罪責／罪责 (zuìzé)
罪跡／罪迹
罪過／罪过 (zuìguò)
罪隸／罪隶
罪魁禍首／罪魁祸首 (zuìkuíhuòshǒu)
罰不當罪／罚不当罪 (fábùdāngzuì)
脫罪／脱罪 (tuōzuì)
興師問罪／兴师问罪
興師見罪／兴师见罪
見罪／见罪 (jiànzuì)
親告罪／亲告罪
詐欺罪／诈欺罪
該當何罪／该当何罪
認罪／认罪 (rènzuì)
誹謗罪／诽谤罪 (fěibàngzuì)
請罪／请罪 (qǐngzuì)
論罪／论罪 (lùnzuì)
謝罪／谢罪 (xièzuì)
負罪／负罪 (fùzuì)
負荊請罪／负荆请罪 (fùjīngqǐngzuì)
賞功罰罪／赏功罚罪 (shǎng gōng fá zuì)
賠罪／赔罪 (péizuì)
賭博罪／赌博罪
贓物罪／赃物罪
贖罪／赎罪 (shúzuì)
遷善遠罪／迁善远罪
遺棄罪／遗弃罪
郭華情罪／郭华情罪
重傷罪／重伤罪
開罪／开罪 (kāizuì)
頂罪／顶罪 (dǐngzuì)
領罪／领罪
風流罪／风流罪
風流罪過／风流罪过
鴉片罪／鸦片罪

References

“罪”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

罪

(grade 5 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Go-on: ざい (zai, Jōyō)
Kan-on: さい (sai)
Kun: つみ (tsumi, 罪, Jōyō)

Compounds

罪悪感(ざいあくかん) (zaiakukan)
罪状(ざいじょう) (zaijō)
罪人(ざいにん) (zainin), 罪人(つみびと) (tsumibito)
犯罪(はんざい) (hanzai)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
罪
つみ Grade: 5
kun’yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) つみ [tsúꜜmì] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
IPA^(key): [t͡sɨᵝmʲi]

Noun

罪(つみ) • (tsumi)

guilt
sin
offence

Adjective

罪(つみ) • (tsumi) -na (adnominal 罪(つみ)な (tsumi na), adverbial 罪(つみ)に (tsumi ni))

sinful

Inflection

Inflection of 罪

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	罪だろ	つみだろ	tsumi daro
Continuative (連用形)	罪で	つみで	tsumi de
Terminal (終止形)	罪だ	つみだ	tsumi da
Attributive (連体形)	罪な	つみな	tsumi na
Hypothetical (仮定形)	罪なら	つみなら	tsumi nara
Imperative (命令形)	罪であれ	つみであれ	tsumi de are
Key constructions
Informal negative	罪ではない罪じゃない	つみではないつみじゃない	tsumi de wa nai tsumi ja nai
Informal past	罪だった	つみだった	tsumi datta
Informal negative past	罪ではなかった罪じゃなかった	つみではなかったつみじゃなかった	tsumi de wa nakatta tsumi ja nakatta
Formal	罪です	つみです	tsumi desu
Formal negative	罪ではありません罪じゃありません	つみではありませんつみじゃありません	tsumi de wa arimasen tsumi ja arimasen
Formal past	罪でした	つみでした	tsumi deshita
Formal negative past	罪ではありませんでした罪じゃありませんでした	つみではありませんでしたつみじゃありませんでした	tsumi de wa arimasen deshita tsumi ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive	罪で	つみで	tsumi de
Conditional	罪なら（ば）	つみなら（ば）	tsumi nara (ba)
Provisional	罪だったら	つみだったら	tsumi dattara
Volitional	罪だろう	つみだろう	tsumi darō
Adverbial	罪に	つみに	tsumi ni
Degree	罪さ	つみさ	tsumisa

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
罪
ざい Grade: 5
on’yomi

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [d͡za̠i]

Suffix

罪(ざい) • (-zai)

(law) Used after the name of an action, to form the name of a criminal charge
殺(さつ)人(じん)罪(ざい) (satsujin-zai, “murder (as a crime)”)
堕(だ)胎(たい)罪(ざい) (datai-zai, “unlawful abortion”)

References

2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

罪 (eumhun 허물 죄 (heomul joe))

Hanja form^? of 죄 (“sin; crime; fault”).

Vietnamese

Han character

罪: Hán Nôm readings: tội, tụi

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[DJR-1] 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN