紅葉

紅葉

See also: 红叶

Chinese

		red; revolutionary; prosperity red; revolutionary; prosperity; bonus; popular	leaf; page
trad. (紅葉)		紅	葉
simp. (红叶)		红	叶

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): hóngyè

  (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄥˊ ㄧㄝˋ

• Min Nan (POJ): âng-hio̍h

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: hóngyè
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄥˊ ㄧㄝˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: hóngyè
    • Wade–Giles: hung²-yeh⁴
    • Yale: húng-yè
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: horngyeh
    • Palladius: хунъе (xunʺje)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xʊŋ³⁵ jɛ⁵¹/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: âng-hio̍h
    • Tâi-lô: âng-hio̍h
    • Phofsit Daibuun: anghioih
    • IPA (Xiamen): /aŋ²⁴⁻²² hioʔ⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /aŋ²⁴⁻²² hioʔ²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /aŋ¹³⁻²² hioʔ¹²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hioʔ⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /aŋ²³⁻³³ hiɤʔ⁴/

Noun

紅葉

1. red autumnal leaves

   香山紅葉／香山红叶  ―  xiāngshān hóngyè  ―  the red autumnal leaves of Fragrant Hills

2. (Sichuanese) matchmaker

Synonyms

• (matchmaker):

edit

Synonyms of 紅葉

伐柯人 (fákērén) (literary) 保山 (bǎoshān) (literary) 冰人 (bīngrén) (literary) 冰媒 (Tianjin) 媒人 (méirén) 媒人姐 (Min Nan, honorific, female) 媒人婆 (méirénpó) (female) 媒人嫲 (Min Bei, female) 媒妁 (méishuò) (literary)

媒姨 (Min Nan, female) 媒婆 (méipó) (female) 花婆 (Min Nan, female) 媒人媽／媒人妈 (Min Dong, Min Nan, female) 紅娘／红娘 (hóngniáng) (chiefly female) 紅葉 (Sichuan) 紅葉公／红叶公 (Sichuan, male) 紅葉婆／红叶婆 (Sichuan, female)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (紅葉):

• → Japanese: 紅葉(こうよう) (kōyō)

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Japanese

FWOTD – 15 April 2018

Etymology 1

紅葉 (momiji, kōyō): colored (in this case, reddened) autumn leaves

Kanji in this term
紅	葉
もみじ
Grade: 6	Grade: 3
jukujikun

Alternative spellings
黄葉 栬 (Japanese maple) 椛 (Japanese maple) 栴 (Japanese maple)

⟨momi₁ti⟩ → */momʲiti/ → /momʲidi/ → /momid͡ʑi/ → /momiʑi/

Shift from Old Japanese 紅葉 (momi₁ti → momichi).[1]

The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of classical verb 紅葉づ (momizu, “to turn, change color; said of leaves”).[1][2]

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 紅葉, see kōyō below.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) も​みじ [móꜜmìjì] (Atamadaka – [1])[2]
• IPA^(key): [mo̞mʲiʑi]

• Audio

  (file)

Noun

紅葉(もみじ) • (momiji) ^{←もみぢ (momidi)?}

1. the turning (coloring) of leaves, especially in autumn
2. the colored leaves themselves
   • 905–914, Kokin Wakashū (book 4, poem 217; also Hyakunin Isshu, poem 5)

     奥山(おくやま)にもみぢ踏(ふ)み分(わ)け鳴(な)く鹿(しか)の声(こゑ)聞(き)く時(とき)ぞ秋(あき)は悲(かな)しき

     okuyama ni momiji fumiwake naku shika no koe kiku toki zo aki wa kanashiki

     Deep in the hills a stag calls out as it treads across the autumn leaves: it is when I hear its voice that autumn seems the saddest.[3]

3. 栬, 椛, 栴: Short for 以呂波紅葉 (iroha momiji): the Japanese maple, Acer palmatum
4. Short for 紅葉襲 (momiji-gasane): a style of layering garments with crimson on the front and blue (or dark red) on the back
5. (colloquial) venison, deer meat

   Synonym: 鹿肉 (shika-niku)

6. a 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”) with various designs of autumn leaves or the Japanese maple

   Synonym: 楓 (kaede)

7. (card games) the suit of autumn leaves (or the Japanese maple) in a hanafuda deck, representing the month of October

   Hyponyms: 紅葉に青短 (momiji ni aotan), 紅葉に鹿 (momiji ni shika)

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 紅葉(モミジ)葵(アオイ) (momiji aoi, “Hibiscus coccineus”)
• 紅葉(モミジ)苺(イチゴ) (momiji ichigo, “Rubus palmatus var. coptophyllus”)
• 紅葉(もみじ)卸(おろし), 紅葉(もみじ)卸(おろ)し (momiji-oroshi)
• 紅葉(モミジ)貝(ガイ) (momijigai, “Astropecten scoparius”)
• 紅葉(モミジ)笠(ガサ), 紅葉(モミジ)傘(ガサ) (momijigasa, “Parasenecio delphiniifolius”)
• 紅葉(もみじ)襲(がさね) (momiji-gasane)
• 紅葉(モミジ)唐松(カラマツ) (momiji karamatsu, “false bugbane”)
• 紅葉(もみじ)狩(がり), 紅葉(もみじ)狩(が)り (momijigari, “autmumn-leaf viewing”)
• 紅葉(もみじ)衣(ごろも) (momiji-goromo), 紅葉(もみじ)の衣(ころも) (momiji no koromo)
• 紅葉(もみじ)前線(ぜんせん) (momiji zensen)
• 紅葉(もみじ)鯛(だい) (momijidai)
• 紅葉(もみじ)月(づき) (momijizuki, “ninth lunar month”)
• 紅葉(もみじ)鳥(どり) (momijidori)
• 紅葉(もみじ)に青短(あおたん) (momiji ni aotan, hanafuda card)
• 紅葉(もみじ)に鹿(しか) (momiji ni shika, hanafuda card)
• 紅葉(もみじの)賀(が) (Momiji no Ga, chapter in The Tale of Genji)
• 紅葉(もみじ)の橋(はし) (momiji no hashi)
• 紅葉(もみじ)のカス (momiji no kasu, hanafuda card)
• 紅葉(もみじば) (momiji-ba, see below)
• 紅葉(モミジ)羽(ハ)熊(グマ) (momiji haguma)
• 紅葉(もみじ)鮒(ぶな) (momijibuna)
• 紅葉(もみじ)マーク (momiji māku)
• 紅葉(もみじ)見(み) (momijimi)
• 紅葉(もみじ)蓆(むしろ), 紅葉(もみじ)筵(むしろ) (momiji mushiro)
• 青(あお)紅葉(モミジ) (aomomiji)
• 銀杏(いちょう)紅葉(もみじ) (ichō momiji)
• 以呂波(イロハ)紅葉(モミジ) (iroha momiji)
• 薄(うす)紅葉(モミジ) (usu momiji)
• 卯月(うずき)の紅葉(もみじ) (Uzuki no Momiji)
• 漆(うるし)紅葉(もみじ) (urushi momiji)
• 大(オオ)紅葉(モミジ) (ōmomiji)
• 柿(かき)紅葉(もみじ) (kaki momiji)
• 草(くさ)紅葉(もみじ) (kusa momiji)
• 紅(くれない)紅葉(もみじ) (kurenai momiji)
• 桜(さくら)紅葉(もみじ) (sakura momiji)
• 下(した)紅葉(もみじ) (shita momiji)
• 蔦(つた)紅葉(もみじ) (tsuta momiji)
• 照(て)り紅葉(もみじ) (terimomiji)
• 櫨(はじ)紅葉(もみじ) (haji momiji)
• 初(はつ)紅葉(もみじ) (hatsu-momiji)
• 花(はな)紅葉(もみじ) (hana momiji)
• 山(ヤマ)紅葉(モミジ) (yama-momiji)
• 夕(ゆう)紅葉(もみじ) (yū momiji)

Idioms

• 紅葉(もみじ)の錦(にしき) (momiji no nishiki, “brocade of autumn leaves → brocaded clothes”)
• 紅葉(もみじ)のような手(て) (momiji no yō na te, “hand like an autumn leaf → pretty hand of a young child”)
• 紅葉(もみじ)を散(ち)らす (momiji o chirasu, “disperse the momiji → blush one's face”)

Proverbs

• 紅葉(もみじ)に鹿(しか) (momiji ni shika, “a deer with momiji → a good arrangement”)

Coordinate terms

• 楓(カエデ), 槭樹(カエデ) (kaede, “maple tree”)
• 花札(はなふだ) (hanafuda) suits: 松(まつ) (matsu, “pine”), 梅(うめ) (ume, “plum blossoms”), 桜(さくら) (sakura, “sakura”), 藤(ふじ) (fuji, “wisteria”), 菖蒲(あやめ) (ayame, “iris”), 牡丹(ぼたん) (botan, “peony”), 萩(はぎ) (hagi, “bush clover”), 芒(すすき) (susuki, “susuki grass”), 菊(きく) (kiku, “chrysanthemum”), 紅葉(もみじ) (momiji, “autumn leaves”), 柳(やなぎ) (yanagi, “willow”), 桐(きり) (kiri, “paulownia”)

Verb

紅葉(もみじ)する • (momiji suru) ^{←もみぢ (momidi)?} suru (stem 紅葉(もみじ)し (momiji shi), past 紅葉(もみじ)した (momiji shita))

1. (of leaves) to turn (change color), especially during autumn

Conjugation

Conjugation of "紅葉する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	紅葉し	もみじし	momiji shi
Continuative (連用形)	紅葉し	もみじし	momiji shi
Terminal (終止形)	紅葉する	もみじする	momiji suru
Attributive (連体形)	紅葉する	もみじする	momiji suru
Hypothetical (仮定形)	紅葉すれ	もみじすれ	momiji sure
Imperative (命令形)	紅葉せよ¹ 紅葉しろ²	もみじせよ¹ もみじしろ²	momiji seyo¹ momiji shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	紅葉される	もみじされる	momiji sareru
Causative	紅葉させる 紅葉さす	もみじさせる もみじさす	momiji saseru momiji sasu
Potential	紅葉できる	もみじできる	momiji dekiru
Volitional	紅葉しよう	もみじしよう	momiji shiyō
Negative	紅葉しない	もみじしない	momiji shinai
Negative continuative	紅葉せず	もみじせず	momiji sezu
Formal	紅葉します	もみじします	momiji shimasu
Perfective	紅葉した	もみじした	momiji shita
Conjunctive	紅葉して	もみじして	momiji shite
Hypothetical conditional	紅葉すれば	もみじすれば	momiji sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Proper noun

紅葉(もみじ) • (Momiji) ^{←もみぢ (momidi)?}

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

   秋(あき)の夕(ゆう)日(ひ)に照(て)る山(やま)紅葉(もみじ)、濃(こ)いも薄(うす)いも数(かず)ある中(なか)に、松(まつ)を彩(いろど)る楓(かえで)や蔦(つた)は、山(やま)のふもとの裾(すそ)模様(もよう)

   aki no yūhi ni teru yama momiji, koi mo usui mo kazu aru naka ni, matsu o irodoru kaede ya tsuta wa, yama no fumoto no suso-moyō

   (please add an English translation of this example)

2. a surname
3. a female given name

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
紅	葉
もみじ Grade: 6	は > ば Grade: 3
irregular	kun’yomi

Alternative spellings
黄葉 紅葉葉 (rare)

Shift from Old Japanese 紅葉 (momi₁tiba → momichiba).[1]

Can be parsed as a compound of 紅葉ぢ (momiji, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of classical verb 紅葉づ (momizu), “to turn in autumn, said of leaves”) +‎ 葉 (ha, “leaf”). The ha changes to ba as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) もみじ​ば [mòmíjíꜜbà] (Nakadaka – [3])[2]
• IPA^(key): [mo̞mʲiʑiba̠]

• Audio

  (file)

Noun

紅(もみじ)葉(ば) • (momijiba) ^{←もみぢば (momidiba)?}

1. turned (colored) autumn leaves
   • 1086, Goshūi Wakashū (book 5, poem 366; also Hyakunin Isshu, poem 69)

     嵐(あらし)吹(ふ)く三(み)室(む)の山(やま)のもみぢ葉(ば)は竜(たつ)田(た)の川(かは)の錦(にしき)なりけり

     arashi fuku Mimuro-no-yama no momijiba wa Tatsuta-no-kawa no nishiki narikeri

     The sweeping stormy winds from Mount Mimuro weaves adorning Tatsuta river with a brocade of crimson leaves.[4]

2. the leaves of the Japanese maple (Acer palmatum)
   • c. 1005–07, Shūi Wakashū (book 17, poem 1128; also Hyakunin Isshu, poem 26)

     小(を)倉(ぐら)山(やま)峰(みね)のもみぢ葉(ば)心(こころ)あらば今(いま)ひとたびのみゆき待(ま)たなむ

     Ogura-yama mine no momijiba kokoro araba ima hitotabi no miyuki matanan

     Maple leaves on Mt. Ogura, if you have enough sense you will stay as you are until the next imperial visit.[5]

Usage notes

For emphasis, the initial momiji is usually written in kana alone, as もみじ葉 (​momijiba).

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 紅葉(もみじば)の (momijiba no, pillow word)
• 紅葉(モミジ)葉(バ)団扇(ウチワ) (momijiba uchiwa)
• 紅葉(もみじ)葉(ば)鈴(すず)掛(かけ)の木(き) (momijiba suzukake no ki, “London plane”)
• 紅葉(モミジ)葉(バ)楓(フウ) (momijibafū, “Liquidambar styraciflua”)
• 初(はつ)紅葉(もみじば) (hatsu-momijiba)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
紅	葉
こう Grade: 6	よう Grade: 3
kan’on

Alternative spelling
黄葉

/kou jepu/ → /koːjefu/ → /koːjeu/ → /koːjoː/

From Middle Chinese compound 紅葉 (MC ɦuŋ jiᴇp̚, literally “crimson, red + leaf”).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) こーよー [kòóyóó] (Heiban – [0])[2]
• IPA^(key): [ko̞ːjo̞ː]

• Audio

  (file)

Noun

紅(こう)葉(よう) • (kōyō) ^{←こうえふ (kouefu)?}

1. the turning (coloring) of leaves, especially in autumn
2. the colored leaves themselves
   • 1999 August 26, “紅(こう)葉(よう)の女(じょ)王(おう) [Queen of Autumn Leaves]”, in BOOSTER 4, Konami:

     鮮(あざ)やかな紅(こう)葉(よう)に囲(かこ)まれて暮(く)らす、緑(りょく)樹(じゅ)の霊(れい)王(おう)のお妃(ひ)。

     Azayaka na kōyō ni kakomarete kurasu, Ryokuju no Reiō no ohi.

     The consort of the Spirit King of Greenery, living within vibrant autumn leaves.

Derived terms

• 紅葉(こうよう)前線(ぜんせん) (kōyō zensen, “autumn leaf front”)

Idioms

• 林間(りんかん)に酒(さけ)を煖(あたた)めて紅葉(こうよう)を焼(や)く (rinkan ni sake o atatamete kōyō o yaku, “burn autumn leaves to heat sake → enjoy autumn”)

Verb

紅(こう)葉(よう)する • (kōyō suru) ^{←こうえふ (kouefu)?} suru (stem 紅(こう)葉(よう)し (kōyō shi), past 紅(こう)葉(よう)した (kōyō shita))

1. (of leaves) to turn (change color), especially during autumn

Conjugation

Conjugation of "紅葉する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	紅葉し	こうようし	kōyō shi
Continuative (連用形)	紅葉し	こうようし	kōyō shi
Terminal (終止形)	紅葉する	こうようする	kōyō suru
Attributive (連体形)	紅葉する	こうようする	kōyō suru
Hypothetical (仮定形)	紅葉すれ	こうようすれ	kōyō sure
Imperative (命令形)	紅葉せよ¹ 紅葉しろ²	こうようせよ¹ こうようしろ²	kōyō seyo¹ kōyō shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	紅葉される	こうようされる	kōyō sareru
Causative	紅葉させる 紅葉さす	こうようさせる こうようさす	kōyō saseru kōyō sasu
Potential	紅葉できる	こうようできる	kōyō dekiru
Volitional	紅葉しよう	こうようしよう	kōyō shiyō
Negative	紅葉しない	こうようしない	kōyō shinai
Negative continuative	紅葉せず	こうようせず	kōyō sezu
Formal	紅葉します	こうようします	kōyō shimasu
Perfective	紅葉した	こうようした	kōyō shita
Conjunctive	紅葉して	こうようして	kōyō shite
Hypothetical conditional	紅葉すれば	こうようすれば	kōyō sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Proper noun

紅(こう)葉(よう) • (Kōyō) ^{←こうえふ (kouefu)?}

1. a female given name

Etymology 4

Other various nanori readings.

Proper noun

紅葉(あかは) or 紅葉(あけは) or 紅葉(あげは) or 紅葉(いろは) or 紅葉(かえで) or 紅葉(くれは) or 紅葉(べには) or 紅葉(もみ) or 紅葉(もよ) • (Akaha or Akeha or Ageha or Iroha or Kaede or Kureha or Beniha or Momi or Moyo) 

1. a female given name

References

1. 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
3. Janet Emily Goff (2014) Noh Drama and "The Tale of the Genji": The Art of Allusion in Fifteen Classical Plays (Princeton Legacy Library), annotated edition, Princeton University Press, →ISBN, page 263
4. Sagnik Bhattacharya (2015) A Hundred Autumn Leaves: The Ogura Hyakunin Isshu: Translated and Annotated, Partridge Publishing, →ISBN
5. Sasaki Sanmi; Shaun McCabe; Iwasaki Satoko (2011) Chado the Way of Tea: A Japanese Tea Master's Almanac, Tuttle Publishing, →ISBN, page 564

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Old Japanese

Alternative forms

• 黃葉

Etymology 1

The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 紅葉つ (momi₁tu, “to turn in autumn, said of leaves”).

Possibly cognate with verb 燃ゆ (mo₁yu, “to burn”).

Noun

紅葉 (momi₁ti) (kana もみち)

1. the turning of leaves in autumn
2. the turned autumn leaves themselves
   • c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 10, poem 2201), text here

     妹許跡馬鞍置而射駒山撃越來者紅葉散筒

     imogari to₂ uma ni kura oki₁te Iko₁ma-yama utiko₁yekureba momi₁ti tiritutu

     Saddling my horse, I cross Ikoma's hill, where already the autumn leaves lie ruddy on the ground.[1]

3. the Japanese maple, Acer palmatum

Descendants

• Japanese: 紅葉 (momiji)

Etymology 2

Compound of 紅葉ち (momi₁ti, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 紅葉つ (momi₁tu), “to turn in autumn, said of leaves”) +‎ 葉 (pa, “leaf”).

The pa changes to ba as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

Noun

紅葉 (momi₁tiba) (kana もみちば)

1. turned autumn leaves
2. the leaves of the Japanese maple (Acer palmatum)

Derived terms

• 紅葉の (momi₁tiba no₂, pillow word)
• 初紅葉 (patu-momi₁tiba)

Descendants

• Japanese: 紅葉 (momijiba)

References

1. Frederick Victor Dickins (1908) The Makura-kotoba of Primitive Japanese Verse (Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan)‎, Yushodo Booksellers, page 34