窮
See also: 穷
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Translingual
Han character
窮 (Kangxi radical 116, 穴+10, 15 strokes, cangjie input 十金竹竹弓 (JCHHN), four-corner 30227, composition ⿱穴躬)
References
- KangXi: page 867, character 10
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25593
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2737, character 12
- Unihan data for U+7AAE
Chinese
| trad. | 窮 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 穷 | |
Glyph origin
Characters in the same phonetic series (躬) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 躬 | *kuŋ |
| 匑 | *kuŋ, *kʰuŋ |
| 躳 | *kuŋ |
| 窮 | *ɡuŋ |
| 藭 | *ɡuŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡuŋ) : semantic 穴 (“cave; nest; confinement”) + phonetic 躬 (OC *kuŋ).
Etymology
Possibly a vocalic variant of 邛 (OC *ɡoŋ, “distress”) (Schuessler, 2007). See there for more.
Pronunciation
Definitions
窮
- to exhaust
- 窮兵黷武／穷兵黩武 ― qióngbīngdúwǔ ― to go all in with wars
- 欲窮千里目，更上一層樓。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: 8th century, Wang Zhihuan, 登鸛雀樓
- Yù qióng qiānlǐ mù, gèng shàng yī céng lóu. [Pinyin]
- (please add an English translation of this example)
欲穷千里目，更上一层楼。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- to thoroughly investigate
- 窮根究底／穷根究底 ― qiónggēnjiūdǐ ― to dig into the very roots of the matter
- 漁人甚異之，復前行，欲窮其林。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: 421, Tao Yuanming, 桃花源記 (The Peach Blossom Spring)
- Yúrén shèn yì zhī, fù qiánxíng, yù qióng qí lín. [Pinyin]
- Amazed at the sight, the fisherman pressed ahead. He wanted to make his way to the end of the forest.
渔人甚异之，复前行，欲穷其林。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- to be in the wrong and unable to argue further
- 遁辭知其所窮。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Dùn cí zhī qí suǒqióng. [Pinyin]
- When words are evasive, I know how the mind is at its wit's end.
遁辞知其所穷。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- to be in dire straits; to suffer from lack of opportunity, support, etc.
- Antonym: 達／达 (dá)
- 子路慍見曰：「君子亦有窮乎？」子曰：「君子固窮，小人窮斯濫矣。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Zǐ Lù yùn jiàn yuē: “Jūnzǐ yì yǒu qióng hū?” Zǐ yuē: “Jūnzǐ gù qióng, xiǎorén qióng sī làn yǐ.” [Pinyin]
- (please add an English translation of this example)
子路愠见曰：“君子亦有穷乎？”子曰：“君子固穷，小人穷斯滥矣。” [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 窮則獨善其身，達則兼善天下。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
- Qióng zé dú shàn qíshēn, dá zé jiān shàn tiānxià. [Pinyin]
- When in difficulty, one preserves one's own virtue in solitude. When the opportunity arises, one shares the benefits with all.
穷则独善其身，达则兼善天下。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 窮者欲達其言，勞者須歌其事。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: c. 578, Yu Xin (庾信), The Lament for the South (《哀江南賦》)
- Qióngzhě yù dá qíyán, láozhě xū gē qíshì. [Pinyin]
- A failed one shall speak with unfading words,
The weary must sing out his toil aloud.
穷者欲达其言，劳者须歌其事。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- poor; destitute; impoverished
- Antonym: 富 (fù)
- 貧窮／贫穷 ― pínqióng ― lacking; suffering from want
- 人窮志不窮／人穷志不穷 ― rén qióng zhì bù qióng ― poor in money but not in aspiration
- to be exhausted; to be used up
- 無窮無盡／无穷无尽 ― wúqióngwújìn ― to be inexhaustible
- 理屈詞窮／理屈词穷 ― lǐqūcíqióng ― unable to argue any further; having no more excuses
- 軻既取圖奉之，發圖，圖窮而匕首見。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Zhanguo Ce, circa 5th – 3rd centuries BCE
- Kē jì qǔ tú fèng zhī, fā tú, tú qióng ér bǐshǒu xiàn. [Pinyin]
- Jing Ke took the map scroll and presented it. He unrolled the map, and when it reached the end, the dagger appeared.
轲既取图奉之，发图，图穷而匕首见。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- remote; out-of-the-way
- 窮鄉僻壤／穷乡僻壤 ― qióngxiāngpìrǎng ― remote and backwater place
- extremely
- 窮凶極惡／穷凶极恶 ― qióngxiōngjí'è ― extremely ferocious and evil
- thoroughly
- 窮究／穷究 ― qióngjiū ― to dig deep into something
- 窮追猛打／穷追猛打 ― qióngzhuīměngdǎ ― hotly pursue and fiercely attack
- excessively; inappropriately attentive to details; snobbishly; frivolously
- 窮講究／穷讲究 ― qióng jiǎngjiū ― to be too fine in tastes; to be a snob
- 69th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "exhaustion, tiredness" (𝍊)
Synonyms
- (poor):
edit
Synonyms of 窮
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Compounds
Derived terms from 窮
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Japanese
Kanji
窮
(common “Jōyō” kanji)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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Readings
- Go-on: ぐ (gu); ぐう (gū)
- Kan-on: きゅう (kyū, Jōyō)←きゆう (kyū, historical)
- Kun: きわめる (kiwameru, 窮める, Jōyō)←きはめる (kifameru, historical); きわまる (kiwamaru, 窮まる, Jōyō)←きはまる (kifamaru, historical); きわまり (kiwamari, 窮まり)←きはまり (kifamari, historical); きわみ (kiwami, 窮み)←きはみ (kifami, historical)
Korean
Hanja
窮 (eumhun 다할 궁 (dahal gung))
- Hanja form? of 궁 (“poor, destitute, impoverished”).
窮 (eumhun 궁할 궁 (gunghal gung))
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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Vietnamese
Han character
窮: Hán Nôm readings: cùng, khùng, còng, càng
Readings
窮: Hán Việt readings: khùng
窮: Nôm readings: cùng, khùng, còng, càng
Adjective
窮 • (khùng)
- crazy
Noun
窮 • (càng)
- nipper, pincer
References
- Lê Sơn Thanh, "Nom-Viet.dat", WinVNKey (details)
- Nôm Lookup Tool, Vietnamese Nom Preservation Foundation
- Phạm Đình Hổ (18 c.), Nhật dụng thường đàm