穹

穹

穹 U+7A79, 穹 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7A79 ← 穸 [U+7A78] CJK Unified Ideographs 空 → [U+7A7A]

Translingual

Han character

穹 (Kangxi radical 116, 穴+3, 8 strokes, cangjie input 十金弓 (JCN), four-corner 3020₇, composition ⿱穴弓)

Derived characters

• 𠶥, 𡸕, 𢛙, 𢮍, 𣶆, 𣇬, 焪, 𥓰, 䛪, 䠻, 𨡗, 𭯵, 𡹗, 𦲄

Further reading

• KangXi: page 862, character 29
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25414
• Dae Jaweon: page 1289, character 7
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2721, character 3
• Unihan data for U+7A79

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Chinese

trad.		穹
simp. #		穹
alternative forms		宆 ancient 𡸕 𠫙

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (弓) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
弓	*kʷɯŋ
穹	*kʰʷɯŋ
焪	*kʰʷɯŋ, *kʰʷɯŋs
芎	*kʰʷɯŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰʷɯŋ) : semantic 穴 + phonetic 弓 (OC *kʷɯŋ).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): qióng, qiōng

  (Zhuyin): ㄑㄩㄥˊ, ㄑㄩㄥ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): kung⁴, hung¹, gung¹
• Min Nan (POJ): khiông / kiong

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, Mainland)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: qióng
    • Zhuyin: ㄑㄩㄥˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: cyóng
    • Wade–Giles: chʻiung²
    • Yale: chyúng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyong
    • Palladius: цюн (cjun)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰjʊŋ³⁵/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: qiōng
    • Zhuyin: ㄑㄩㄥ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: cyong
    • Wade–Giles: chʻiung¹
    • Yale: chyūng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiong
    • Palladius: цюн (cjun)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰjʊŋ⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: kung⁴, hung¹, gung¹
    • Yale: kùhng, hūng, gūng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: kung⁴, hung¹, gung¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: kung⁴, hung¹, gung¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰʊŋ²¹/, /hʊŋ⁵⁵/, /kʊŋ⁵⁵/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiông
    • Tâi-lô: khiông
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qioong
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰiɔŋ¹³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /kʰiɔŋ²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiong
    • Tâi-lô: kiong
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kiofng
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

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• Middle Chinese: /kʰɨuŋ/

Rime
Character	穹
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	東 (2)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	去宮切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰɨuŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰiuŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰiuŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰuwŋ/
Li Rong	/kʰiuŋ/
Wang Li	/kʰĭuŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/kʰi̯uŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qiōng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hung1

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*kʰʷɯŋ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	穹
Reading #	1/1
No.	4080
Phonetic component	弓
Rime group	蒸
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*kʰʷɯŋ/

Definitions

穹

1. (literary) elevated and arched

   穹隆  ―  qiónglóng  ―  domed structure

2. (literary) sky

   • 手弄白日，頂摩青穹，揮斥幽憤，不可得也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     手弄白日，顶摩青穹，挥斥幽愤，不可得也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: 李白 (Li Bai), 《暮春於江夏送張祖監丞之東都序》／《暮春于江夏送张祖监丞之东都序》

     Shǒu nòng bái rì, dǐng mó qīng qióng, huīchì yōufèn, bùkě dé yě. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this example)

   Synonym: 天 (tiān)

3. (literary) deep
4. (literary) high and vast
5. ^† to fill up; to exhaust

   • 九月在戶，十月蟋蟀入我牀下。穹窒熏鼠，塞向墐戶。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
     九月在户，十月蟋蟀入我牀下。穹窒熏鼠，塞向墐户。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Jiǔyuè zài hù, shíyuè xīshuài rù wǒ chuáng xià. Qióng zhì xūn shǔ, sài xiàng jìn hù. [Pinyin]

     In the ninth month, about the doors;
     In the tenth month, the cricket enters under our beds.
     Chinks are filled up, and rats are smoked out.
     The windows that face [the north] are stopped up;

Compounds

天穹 (tiānqióng) 玄穹 穹丘 (qióngqiū) 穹冥 穹壤 穹天 穹宇 (qióngyǔ)

穹石 穹窒 穹窿 穹谷 穹隆 (qiónglóng) 隆穹

穹廬／穹庐 (qiónglú) 穹窮／穹穷 穹蒼／穹苍 (qióngcāng) 穹靈／穹灵 蒼穹／苍穹 (cāngqióng) 顥穹／颢穹

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Japanese

Kanji

穹

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)

1. high arching vault
2. sky

Readings

• Go-on: く (ku)
• Kan-on: きゅう (kyū)^{←きゆう (kyū, historical)}
• Kun: あめ (ame, 穹); そら (sora, 穹); おおぞら (ōzora, 穹); あな (ana, 穹); ふかい (fukai, 穹い); たかい (takai, 穹い); おおきい (ōkī, 穹きい)
• Nanori: こう (kō); たかし (takashi); ひろ (hiro)

Compounds

Compounds

• 穹蒼(きゅうそう) (kyūsō)
• 穹窿(きゅうりゅう) (kyūryū)
• 蒼穹(そうきゅう) (sōkyū)

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Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 穹 (MC kʰɨuŋ). Recorded as Middle Korean 구ᇰ (kwung) (Yale: kwung) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Wikisource穹 (eumhun 하늘 궁 (haneul gung))

1. (literary) Hanja form^? of 궁 (“sky; heaven”).
2. (literary) Hanja form^? of 궁 (“arched”).

Compounds

Compounds

• 궁곡 (穹谷, gunggok)
• 궁교 (穹窖, gunggyo)
• 궁륭 (穹窿, gungnyung)
• 궁창 (穹蒼, gungchang)
• 고궁 (高穹, gogung)
• 창궁 (蒼穹, changgung)
• 천궁 (天穹, cheon'gung)
• 청궁 (靑穹, cheonggung)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

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Vietnamese

Han character

穹: Hán Việt readings: khung (去(khử)宮(cung)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4], khum[5]
穹: Nôm readings: khum[1][3][5][4][6], khung[1][2][3][7], cùng[2]

1. chữ Hán form of khung (“sky”).
2. Nôm form of khung (“border; frame”).
3. Nôm form of khum (“curved; convex”).

Compounds

Compounds

• 穹靈 (khung linh)
• 穹蒼 (khung thương)

References

1. Nguyễn (2014).
2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
3. Trần (2004).
4. Génibrel (1898).
5. Bonet (1899).
6. Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
7. Hồ (1976).