波羅提木叉

Chinese

		phonetic
trad. (波羅提木叉)		波	羅	提	木	叉
simp. (波罗提木叉)		波	罗	提	木	叉

Etymology

Like many other terms in the early Chinese Buddhist lexicon (e.g. the Vinaya of the Dharmaguptaka), likely borrowed from a Prakrit such as Gandhari 𐨤𐨿𐨪𐨡𐨁𐨨𐨂𐨑𐨅‎ m sg (pradimukhe, “under the law”, locative) as attested in the Khotan Dhammapada. Cognate to Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit प्रातिमोक्ष (prātimokṣa), alternative form प्रतिमोक्ष (pratimokṣa), and Pali pāṭimokkha.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): bōluótímùchā
(Zhuyin): ㄅㄛㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄊㄧˊ ㄇㄨˋ ㄔㄚ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: bōluótímùchā
  - Zhuyin: ㄅㄛㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄊㄧˊ ㄇㄨˋ ㄔㄚ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: boluótímùcha
  - Wade–Giles: po¹-lo²-tʻi²-mu⁴-chʻa¹
  - Yale: bwō-lwó-tí-mù-chā
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: boluotyimuhcha
  - Palladius: болотимуча (bolotimuča)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pwɔ⁵⁵ lwɔ³⁵ tʰi³⁵ mu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰä⁵⁵/

Middle Chinese: /puɑ lɑ dei muk̚ t͡ʃʰˠa/

Rime
Character	波	羅	提	木	叉
Reading #	1/1	1/1	2/2	1/1	2/2
Initial (聲)	幫 (1)	來 (37)	定 (7)	明 (4)	初 (19)
Final (韻)	戈 (95)	歌 (94)	齊 (39)	東 (3)	麻 (98)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)	Checked (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I	IV	I	II
Fanqie	博禾切	魯何切	杜奚切	莫卜切	初加切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/puɑ/	/lɑ/	/dei/	/muk̚/	/t͡ʃʰˠa/
Pan Wuyun	/puɑ/	/lɑ/	/dei/	/muk̚/	/ʈ͡ʂʰᵚa/
Shao Rongfen	/puɑ/	/lɑ/	/dɛi/	/muk̚/	/t͡ʃʰa/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/pwa/	/la/	/dɛj/	/məwk̚/	/ʈ͡ʂʰaɨ/
Li Rong	/puɑ/	/lɑ/	/dei/	/muk̚/	/t͡ʃʰa/
Wang Li	/puɑ/	/lɑ/	/diei/	/muk̚/	/t͡ʃʰa/
Bernard Karlgren	/puɑ/	/lɑ/	/dʱiei/	/muk̚/	/ʈ͡ʂʰa/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	bō	luó	tí	mù	chā
Expected Cantonese Reflex	bo¹	lo⁴	tai⁴	muk⁶	caa¹

Noun

波羅提木叉

(Buddhism) prātimokṣa (Buddhist monastic laws or codes of conduct)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (波羅提木叉):

→ Japanese: 波(は)羅(ら)提(だい)木(もく)叉(しゃ) (haradaimokusha)
→ Korean: 바라제목차(波羅提木叉) (barajemokcha)