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单词
释义

See also: ш and ש
U+5C71, 山
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5C71

[U+5C70]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+5C72]
U+2F2D, ⼭
KANGXI RADICAL MOUNTAIN

[U+2F2C]
Kangxi Radicals
[U+2F2E]

Translingual

Stroke order
Stroke order
(cursive)

Han character

(Kangxi radical 46, 山+0, 3 strokes, cangjie input 山 (U), four-corner 22770, composition ⿶凵丨)

  1. Kangxi radical #46, .

Derived characters

  • Appendix:Chinese radical/山
  • 仙, 𭂈, 𠮿, 圸, 奾, 𢇢, 𢌚, 㢫, 𢩳, 汕, 𤜬, 辿, 杣, 𣧈, 灿, 𬍑, 𦘹, 疝, 𥐢, 秈, 籼, 𮈁, 𦔺, 舢, 𬟴, 訕(讪), 䟖, 赸, 軕(𫐅), 𨥉, 𩖞, 𩲀, 𬺘, 䴮
  • 邖, 㰞, 㼘, 亗, 𡚴, 𢌲, 汖, 𭺱, 𡶤, 𭇝, 𠰛, 𫂳, 𦏿, 耑, 𦣟, 炭, 訔, 豈, 𤈹, 輋, 𧶑, 仚, 冚, 𭓞, 𭗼, 𬜡, 旵, 氙, 𤕏, 𤣶, 𬑭, 𦒴, 宻, 密, 𦰷, 喦, 𩫺, 𩲈, 𦷤
  • 閊, 𠘳, 𡆯, 𧗣, 幽, 豳, 豐

References

  • KangXi: page 307, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7869
  • Dae Jaweon: page 604, character 23
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 759, character 11
  • Unihan data for U+5C71

Chinese

simp. and trad.
alternative forms𠙸
𡶸

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character
ShangWestern ZhouWarring StatesShuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone scriptBronze inscriptionsChu slip and silk scriptSmall seal scriptTranscribed ancient scripts

Pictogram (象形) – three mountain peaks. In the Oracle Bone Script, they were represented by triangles rather than vertical strokes. Compare (qiū), particularly earlier forms.

Etymology

Unclear – cognates not known outside Sino-Bai. Cognate with Central Bai svrt (mountain) (< Proto-Bai *sro⁴).

Baxter and Sagart (2014) propose that it is derived from a root *ŋ(ˤ)rar (slope, nearly vertical side) that also derives (OC *ŋ(r)ar(ʔ), “hill”), (OC *ŋˤrar, “river bank”), (OC *C.ŋˤrar, “forehead”).

Starostin compares it with Kayan sʰôn (mountain).

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Standard)
    (Pinyin): shān (shan1)
    (Zhuyin): ㄕㄢ
    (Chengdu, SP): san1
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): сан (san, I)
  • Cantonese
    (Guangzhou, Jyutping): saan1
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): san1
  • Gan (Wiktionary): san1
  • Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): sân
    (Meixian, Guangdong): san1
  • Jin (Wiktionary): san1
  • Min Bei (KCR): súing
  • Min Dong (BUC): săng
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): soaⁿ / san
    (Teochew, Peng'im): suan1 / sang1
  • Wu (Wiktionary): se (T1)
  • Xiang (Wiktionary): san1

  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: shān
      • Zhuyin: ㄕㄢ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: shan
      • Wade–Giles: shan1
      • Yale: shān
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shan
      • Palladius: шань (šanʹ)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ʂän⁵⁵/
    • (Chengdu)
      • Sichuanese Pinyin: san1
      • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: san
      • Sinological IPA (key): /san⁵⁵/
    • (Dungan)
      • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: сан (san, I)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /sæ̃²⁴/
      (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: saan1
      • Yale: sāan
      • Cantonese Pinyin: saan1
      • Guangdong Romanization: san1
      • Sinological IPA (key): /saːn⁵⁵/
    • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
      • Wiktionary: san1
      • Sinological IPA (key): /san³³/
  • Gan
    • (Nanchang)
      • Wiktionary: san1
      • Sinological IPA (key): /san⁴²/
  • Hakka
    • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sân
      • Hakka Romanization System: san´
      • Hagfa Pinyim: san1
      • Sinological IPA: /san²⁴/
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: san1
      • Sinological IPA: /san⁴⁴/
  • Jin
    • (Taiyuan)+
      • Wiktionary: san1
      • Sinological IPA (old-style): /sæ̃¹¹/
  • Min Bei
    • (Jian'ou)
      • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: súing
      • Sinological IPA (key): /suiŋ⁵⁴/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: săng
      • Sinological IPA (key): /saŋ⁵⁵/
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an, Hui'an, Zhangpu, Changtai, Longyan, General Taiwanese, Penang, Singapore)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: soaⁿ
      • Tâi-lô: suann
      • Phofsit Daibuun: svoaf
      • IPA (Zhangpu): /suã⁵⁵/
      • IPA (Longyan): /suã³³⁴/
      • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an, Hui'an, Penang): /suã³³/
      • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Changtai, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Singapore): /suã⁴⁴/
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an, Hui'an, Zhangpu, Changtai, Longyan, General Taiwanese, Penang)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: san
      • Tâi-lô: san
      • Phofsit Daibuun: safn
      • IPA (Longyan): /san³³⁴/
      • IPA (Zhangpu): /san⁵⁵/
      • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Changtai, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /san⁴⁴/
      • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an, Hui'an, Penang): /san³³/
Note:
  • soaⁿ - vernacular;
  • san - literary.
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: suan1 / sang1
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: suaⁿ / sang
      • Sinological IPA (key): /sũã³³/, /saŋ³³/
Note:
  • suan1 - vernacular;
  • sang1 - literary.
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: se (T1)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /se̞⁵³/
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: san1
      • Sinological IPA (key): /san³³/

  • Dialectal data
VarietyLocation
edit
MandarinBeijing/ʂan⁵⁵/
Harbin/ʂan⁴⁴/
Tianjin/san²¹/
Jinan/ʂã²¹³/
Qingdao/ʂã²¹³/
Zhengzhou/ʂan²⁴/
Xi'an/sã²¹/
Xining/sã⁴⁴/
Yinchuan/ʂan⁴⁴/
Lanzhou/ʂɛ̃n³¹/
Ürümqi/san⁴⁴/
Wuhan/san⁵⁵/
Chengdu/san⁵⁵/
Guiyang/san⁵⁵/
Kunming/ʂã̠⁴⁴/
Nanjing/ʂaŋ³¹/
Hefei/ʂæ̃²¹/
JinTaiyuan/sæ̃¹¹/
Pingyao/sɑŋ¹³/
Hohhot/sæ̃³¹/
WuShanghai/se⁵³/
Suzhou/se̞⁵⁵/
Hangzhou/sẽ̞³³/
Wenzhou/sa³³/
HuiShexian/sɛ³¹/
Tunxi/sɔ¹¹/
XiangChangsha/san³³/
Xiangtan/san³³/
GanNanchang/san⁴²/
HakkaMeixian/san⁴⁴/
Taoyuan/sɑm²⁴/
CantoneseGuangzhou/san⁵³/
Nanning/san⁵⁵/
Hong Kong/san⁵⁵/
MinXiamen (Min Nan)/san⁵⁵/
/suã⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong)/saŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Min Bei)/suiŋ⁵⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan)/suã³³/
Haikou (Min Nan)/saŋ²³/
/tua²³/

  • Middle Chinese: /ʃˠɛn/
Rime
Character
Reading #1/1
Initial () (21)
Final () (73)
Tone (調)Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)Open
Division ()II
Fanqie所閒切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ʃˠɛn/
Pan
Wuyun
/ʃᵚæn/
Shao
Rongfen
/ʃæn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ʂəɨn/
Li
Rong
/ʃɛn/
Wang
Li
/ʃæn/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ʂăn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
shān
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
saan1
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-ŋrar/
    (Zhengzhang): /*sreːn/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading #1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
shān
Middle
Chinese
‹ srɛn ›
Old
Chinese
/*s-ŋrar/
Englishmountain, hill

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading #1/1
No.11052
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
2
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*sreːn/

Definitions

  1. (countable) mountain; hill (Classifier: m c;  mn)
       dēngshān   to climb a mountain
  2. hill-shaped object
       bīngshān   iceberg
  3. bundled straw in which silkworms spin cocoons
  4. gable
  5. (Cantonese, Liuzhou Mandarin, Pinghua) tomb; grave (Classifier: c)
  6. a surname. Shan

Synonyms

See also

  • (yuè)
  • (yuè)

Compounds

  • See 山/derived terms § Chinese.

Descendants

Sino-Xenic ():
  • Japanese: (さん) (san)
  • Korean: 산(山) (san)
  • Vietnamese: sơn ()

References

  • ”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014
  • Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A01100

Japanese

Kanji

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

  • Go-on: せん (sen)
  • Kan-on: さん (san, Jōyō)
  • Kun: やま (yama, , Jōyō)
  • Nanori: たか (taka); たかし (takashi); のぶ (nobu)

Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
やま
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese. First cited in the Kojiki of 712.[1]

Reconstructed as deriving in turn from Proto-Japonic *yama (forest; mountain).

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) [yàmáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[2][3]
  • IPA(key): [ja̠ma̠]
  • (file)

Noun

(やま) (yama) 

  1. a mountain (large mass of earth and rock) or (large) hill
  2. a mine (excavation usually consisting of small tunnels)
    Synonym: 鉱山 (kōzan)
  3. a heap, pile
  4. the top or high part of an object
    ねじ(やま)
    nejiyama
    thread of a screw
    (ぼう)()(やま)
    bōshi no yama
    crown of a hat
  5. a climax, peak
    Synonyms: クライマックス (kuraimakkusu), 絶頂 (zetchō)
  6. a chance, gamble
  7. a guess, speculation
  8. a crime, criminal case
    Synonym: 犯罪事件 (hanzai jiken)
  9. mountain climbing, mountaineering
    Synonym: 山登り (yamanobori)
  10. Short for 山鉾 (yamaboko): a festival float usually decorated with a (hoko)
  11. (colloquial) Mount Hiei and/or Enryaku-ji
    Antonym: (tera)
  12. (mahjong) a wall, wall tile
  13. (informal) the △ symbol as used to mark what needs to be reviewed in study
    やま()
    yama o haru
    to mark what needs to be reviewed
    はった(やま)()たった。
    Hatta yama ga atatta.
    My selection of what I needed to review for the test was correct.
Derived terms
Idioms
Proverbs

Prefix

(やま) (yama-) 

  1. prefix for species that are wild or residing in mountains
Derived terms

Counter

(やま) (-yama) 

  1. counter for number of stock rise and fall like a mountain (Can we verify(+) this sense?)
  2. counter for number of mountains, forests and/or mines
Derived terms
  • (ひと)(やま) (hitoyama)

Proper noun

(やま) (Yama) 

  1. a surname

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
さん
Grade: 1
kan’on

From Middle Chinese (MC ʃˠɛn).

Sometimes spelled with rendaku (連濁), as -zan.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [sã̠ɴ]
  • IPA(key): [d͡zã̠ɴ]

Suffix

(さん) (-san) 

  1. Mount, Mt.
    1. suffix for names of mountains
    2. suffix for a temple's honorific mountain name (山号 (sangō))
Derived terms

Affix

(さん) (san) 

  1. mountain
  2. mine
  3. temple, temple ground
  4. Short for 比叡山 (Hieizan): Mount Hiei

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
むれ
Grade: 1
irregular
Alternative spelling
牟礼

From Old Japanese, itself apparently a borrowing from Old Korean.[2][4][5] See Korean (moe) for more.

The phonetic man'yōgana spelling 牟礼 for mure appears first in the Kojiki of 720, but instead for the stem of verb 群れる (mureru, to group together).[6] The first instance of this spelling for the mountain sense is in the Heian period, in different 日本書紀私記 (Nihon Shoki Shiki) versions, themselves recompilations of the Nihon Shoki.[4] This reading with this sense apparently arises from the traditional 訓読 (kundoku) of a particular section of the Nihon Shoki, where the written word is read as mure with an apparent meaning of mountain or hill.[4][7]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [mɯ̟ᵝɾe̞]

Noun

(むれ) (mure) 

  1. (historical, Ancient Korea) mountain, hill
    Synonyms: (general term) (yama, mountain), (general term) (oka, hill)

References

  1. ”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, Nihon Kokugo Daijiten) (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
  2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
  4. 牟礼・山”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, Nihon Kokugo Daijiten) (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
  5. ”, in デジタル大辞泉 (Dejitaru Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
  6. ”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, Nihon Kokugo Daijiten) (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
  7. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN, entry online here

Kikai

Kanji

Etymology

From Proto-Ryukyuan *yama.

Noun

(hiragana やま, rōmaji yama)

  1. mountain

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese (MC ʃˠɛn). Recorded as Middle Korean (san) (Yale: san) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Wikisource (eumhun /뫼 산 (me/moe san))

  1. Hanja form? of (mountain).

Compounds

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典.

Kunigami

Kanji

Etymology

From Proto-Ryukyuan *yama.

Noun

(hiragana やまー, rōmaji yamā)

  1. mountain

Miyako

Kanji

Etymology

From Proto-Ryukyuan *yama.

Noun

(hiragana やま, rōmaji yama)

  1. mountain

Northern Amami-Oshima

Kanji

Etymology

From Proto-Ryukyuan *yama.

Noun

(hiragana やま, rōmaji yama)

  1. mountain

Oki-No-Erabu

Kanji

Etymology

From Proto-Ryukyuan *yama.

Noun

(hiragana やま, rōmaji yama)

  1. mountain

Okinawan

Kanji

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

Etymology

From Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information..

Noun

Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

  1. mountain

Old Japanese

Etymology 1

From Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information..

Noun

Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

  1. a mountain
    • 711712, Kojiki (poem 31)
      Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.
  2. a forested area of a mountain for harvesting, hunting, etc.
    • c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 4, poem 779)
      Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.
Descendants
  • Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information..[1][2]

Compare Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information..

Alternative forms

  • Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

Noun

Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

  1. a hill or mountain
    • 720, Nihon Shoki (Empress Jingū, entry 19: 49th year of the second month, spring)
      Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.
Usage notes

No known Early Middle Japanese dictionaries attest the mure spelling phonetically, the earliest being found in the Mito-bon Hei Nihongi Shiki (1678).

Descendants
  • Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

References

  1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. 1995, Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information. (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBNLua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.


Southern Amami-Oshima

Kanji

Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

Etymology

From Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information..

Noun

Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

  1. mountain

Toku-No-Shima

Kanji

Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

Etymology

From Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information..

Noun

Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

  1. mountain

Vietnamese

Han character

Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

  1. chữ Hán form of Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information..

Compounds

  • sơn dương (山羊)
  • sơn thuỷ (山水)

References


    Yaeyama

    Kanji

    Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

    Etymology

    From Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information..

    Noun

    Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

    1. mountain

    Yonaguni

    Kanji

    Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

    Etymology

    From Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information..

    Noun

    Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

    1. mountain

    Yoron

    Kanji

    Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

    Etymology

    From Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information..

    Noun

    Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

    1. mountain
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