堆

堆

堆 U+5806, 堆 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5806 ← 堅 [U+5805] CJK Unified Ideographs 堇 → [U+5807]

Translingual

Han character

堆 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 土人土 (GOG), four-corner 4011₄, composition ⿰土隹)

Derived characters

• 𠼲 𣼭 𣊌 𣙯 𦟿 𥊖 𧐻 𨄺 𠐸 𡳪 𨬉 𡓋 𣙇 𨄟 𩅚

References

• KangXi: page 232, character 4
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5211
• Dae Jaweon: page 469, character 6
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 454, character 4
• Unihan data for U+5806

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		堆

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (隹) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
蜼	*lus, *rulʔ, *luls
堆	*tuːl
嵟	*tuːl
碓	*tuːls
推	*tʰuːl, *tʰjul
蓷	*tʰuːl, *tʰjul
陮	*duːlʔ
魋	*duːl
嶊	*stuːlʔ
崔	*zluːl, *sʰluːl
猚	*ŋreːl, *rulʔ
椎	*dul
顀	*dul
隹	*tjul
錐	*tjul
萑	*kljul
騅	*tjul
鵻	*sɢʷinʔ, *tjul
誰	*djul
脽	*djul

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *tuːl) : semantic 土 + phonetic 隹 (OC *tjul).

Etymology

Schuessler (2007) takes its first appearance in Chu Ci as suggestive of foreign origin. Possibly related to:

• Proto-Tai *C̥.doːjᴬ (“mountain”) (whence Thai ดอย (dɔɔi), Saek [script needed] (rɔ:jᴬ¹), Zhuang ndoi)
• Proto-Hmong-Mien *glaɨᴰ (“mountain”), or
• Austroasiatic, e.g. Middle Mon [script needed] (duiw, “hill, hilltop”)

Possibly connected with 屯 (OC *duːn).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): duī (dui¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄟ

  (Chengdu, SP): dui¹

• Cantonese (Jyutping): deoi¹, zeoi¹
• Gan (Wiktionary): dui¹
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): tôi

  (Meixian, Guangdong): doi¹

• Jin (Wiktionary): dui¹ / zui¹
• Min Bei (KCR): dó
• Min Dong (BUC): dŏi
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): tui / tu

  (Teochew, Peng'im): dui¹ / du¹

• Wu (Wiktionary): te (T1)
• Xiang (Wiktionary): dei¹

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: duī
    • Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄟ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: duei
    • Wade–Giles: tui¹
    • Yale: dwēi
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duei
    • Palladius: дуй (duj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tweɪ̯⁵⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: dui¹
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: dui
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tuei⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: deoi¹, zeoi¹
    • Yale: dēui, jēui
    • Cantonese Pinyin: doey¹, dzoey¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: dêu¹, zêu¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɵy̯⁵⁵/, /t͡ʃɵy̯⁵⁵/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: dui¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tui⁴²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tôi
    • Hakka Romanization System: doi´
    • Hagfa Pinyim: doi¹
    • Sinological IPA: /toi̯²⁴/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: doi¹
    • Sinological IPA: /toɪ⁴⁴/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: dui¹ / zui¹
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /tuei¹¹/, /t͡suei¹¹/
• Min Bei
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: dó
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /to⁵⁴/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: dŏi
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tøy⁵⁵/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tui
    • Tâi-lô: tui
    • Phofsit Daibuun: duy
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tui⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /tui³³/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tu
    • Tâi-lô: tu
    • Phofsit Daibuun: dw
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tu⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /tu³³/

Note:

• tui - literary;
• tu - vernacular.

• • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: dui¹ / du¹
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tui / tu
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tui³³/, /tu³³/
• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • Wiktionary: te (T1)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /te̞⁵³/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: dei¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /te̞i³³/

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• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 堆
Mandarin	Beijing	/tuei⁵⁵/
	Harbin	/tuei⁴⁴/
	Tianjin	/tuei²¹/
	Jinan	/tuei²¹³/ /t͡suei²¹³/
	Qingdao	/tue²¹³/ /t͡sue²¹³/
	Zhengzhou	/tuei²⁴/
	Xi'an	/tuei²¹/
	Xining	/tuɨ⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/tuei⁴⁴/
	Lanzhou	/tuei³¹/
	Ürümqi	/tuei⁴⁴/
	Wuhan	/tei⁵⁵/
	Chengdu	/tuei⁵⁵/
	Guiyang	/tuei⁵⁵/
	Kunming	/tuei⁴⁴/
	Nanjing	/tuəi³¹/
	Hefei	/te²¹/
Jin	Taiyuan	/tuei¹¹/ /t͡suei¹¹/
	Pingyao	/t͡suei¹³/ /tuæ¹³/
	Hohhot	/tuei³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/te⁵³/
	Suzhou	/te̞⁵⁵/
	Hangzhou	/tui³³/
	Wenzhou	/tai³³/
Hui	Shexian	/tɛ³¹/
	Tunxi	/tə¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/tei³³/
	Xiangtan	/təi³³/
Gan	Nanchang	/tui⁴²/
Hakka	Meixian	/toi⁴⁴/
	Taoyuan	/toi²⁴/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/tøy⁵³/
	Nanning	/tui⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/tøy⁵⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/tui⁵⁵/ /tu⁵⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/tøy⁴⁴/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/to⁵⁴/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/tui³³/ /tu³³/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/ʔdui²³/

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• Middle Chinese: /tuʌi/

Rime
Character	堆
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	灰 (42)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	都回切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tuʌi/
Pan Wuyun	/tuoi/
Shao Rongfen	/tuɒi/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/twəj/
Li Rong	/tuᴀi/
Wang Li	/tuɒi/
Bernard Karlgren	/tuɑ̆i/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	duī
Expected Cantonese Reflex	deoi1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.tˤuj/

  (Zhengzhang): /*tuːl/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	堆
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	duī
Middle Chinese	‹ twoj ›
Old Chinese	/*C.tˁuj/
English	heap; mound
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	堆
Reading #	1/1
No.	17705
Phonetic component	隹
Rime group	微
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	磓
Old Chinese	/*tuːl/
Notes	見史記

Definitions

堆

1. heap; pile; mound

   垃圾堆  ―  lājī duī  ―  trash pile

2. (computing) heap

   堆分配  ―  duī fēnpèi  ―  heap allocation

3. to pile up; to stack up
4. Classifier for objects organised in piles: pile; lump; heap; clump; mound

   一堆垃圾  ―  yī duī lājī  ―  a pile of trash

5. mound (usually in placenames)

   • 踰隴堆兮渡漠，過桂車兮合黎。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     逾陇堆兮渡漠，过桂车兮合黎。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Verses of Chu, 4^th century BCE – 2^nd century CE

     Yú Lǒngduī xī dù mò, guò Guìchē xī Hélí. [Pinyin]

     I crossed the Long mounds then traversed the desert, passed underneath the foot of Gui-ju and He-li.

6. Alternative form of 䭔 (duī).

   used in 煎䭔

Compounds

一堆 (yīduī) 三堆河 (Sānduīhé) 土堆 (tǔduī) 垃圾堆 (lājīduī) 堆下笑 堆垛 堆堆 堆子 堆山塞海 堆摞 堆放 (duīfàng) 堆焊 堆砌 (duīqì) 堆笑 堆置 堆肥 (duīféi) 堆花 堆豗 堆金 堆集 (duījí) 大堆 孤堆

打灰堆 是非堆 末子堆 桑堆 (Sāngduī) 泥堆 煎堆 (jiānduī) 狗屎堆 (gǒushǐduī) 草堆 (cǎoduī) 送作堆 雷堆 魁堆 扎堆 (zhāduī) 估堆兒／估堆儿 吉丟古堆／吉丢古堆 堆棧／堆栈 (duīzhàn) 堆滿／堆满 堆疊／堆叠 (duīdié) 堆碼／堆码 堆積／堆积 (duījī) 堆積如山／堆积如山 (duījīrúshān) 堆積平原／堆积平原 堆紅／堆红

堆絹／堆绢 堆繡／堆绣 堆花燒酒／堆花烧酒 堆貨／堆货 堆貯／堆贮 堆金積玉／堆金积玉 堆鴉／堆鸦 大陸隆堆／大陆隆堆 撲堆／扑堆 故紙堆／故纸堆 (gùzhǐduī) 歸裡包堆／归里包堆 滿臉堆笑／满脸堆笑 滿面堆笑／满面堆笑 灩澦堆／滟滪堆 (Yànyùduī) 瓊堆玉砌／琼堆玉砌 白龍堆／白龙堆 盤堆／盘堆 積玉堆金／积玉堆金 纍堆／累堆 離堆山／离堆山 馬王堆／马王堆 (Mǎwángduī) 鬢若堆鴉／鬓若堆鸦

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Japanese

Kanji

堆

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

1. a river bank; a marine ridge, a marine bank

Readings

• Go-on: たい (tai, Jōyō); て (te)
• Kan-on: たい (tai, Jōyō)
• Kan’yō-on: つい (tsui)
• Kun: うずたかい (uzutakai, 堆い)

Compounds

• 堆積(たいせき) (taiseki)
• 堆(たい)肥(ひ) (taihi)

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Korean

Hanja

堆 • (toe) (hangeul 퇴, revised toe, McCune–Reischauer t'oe)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

堆: Hán Nôm readings: đôi, chui, đồi, doi, nhoi, duôi, đòi

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.