咸

See also: 或, 鹹, and 㖅

咸	U+54B8, 咸 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-54B8

← 咷
[U+54B7]

CJK Unified Ideographs

咹 →
[U+54B9]

Translingual

Han character

咸 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 戈竹一口 (IHMR), four-corner 5320₀, composition ⿵戌口 or ⿵戊𠮛)

Derived characters

减, 喊, 堿, 㛾, 㨔, 減, 㺂, 椷, 煘, 瑊, 䁍, 碱, 緘(缄), 羬, 諴(𫍯), 輱, 醎, 鍼, 𠁝, 鰔, 鹹, 黬, 䶢, 㰹, 顑, 感, 觱, 䶠, 嵅, 葴, 箴, 䖗, 麙

References

KangXi: page 187, character 19
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3563
Dae Jaweon: page 406, character 19
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1404, character 2
Unihan data for U+54B8

Chinese

simp. and trad.		咸
alternative forms		冚 Cantonese “all; entire”

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 咸
Shang		Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (咸) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
感	*kɯːmʔ
鱤	*kɯːmʔ
顑	kʰɯːmʔ, ŋɡrɯːms
轗	kʰɯːmʔ, kʰɯːms
撼	*ɡɯːmʔ
憾	*ɡɯːms
喊	qʰaːmʔ, qʰrɯːmʔ, *ɡrɯːmʔ
緘	*krɯːm
瑊	krɯːm, kjum
黬	krɯːm, ŋɡrɯːm
減	krɯːmʔ, ɡrɯːmʔ
羬	ŋɡrɯːm, ɡram
麙	*ŋɡrɯːm
咸	*ɡrɯːm
鹹	*ɡrɯːm
醎	*ɡrɯːm
諴	*ɡrɯːm
椷	*ɡrɯːm
輱	*ɡrɯːm
鍼	ɡam, ɡram, *kjɯm
箴	*kjɯm
葴	*kjɯm
鱵	*kjum

Ideogrammic compound (會意) : 戌 (“axe”) + 口 (“mouth (person) or clay pot”). A pictogram of soldiers shouting together with a spear in front of the battlefield, implying everyone, without exception. Also see 喊, which means to 'shout'. The alternative interpretation is to cut off one's head with an ax, depriving them of all they have; alternatively, to break a pot with an ax.

For etymology 2, simplified from 鹹 (elimination of 鹵).

Etymology 1

Compare Khmer ព្រម (prɔɔm, “to agree; to go along with; together”) (Schuessler, 2007).

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): xián (xian²)
(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄢˊ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): haam⁴
(Taishan, Wiktionary): ham³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hàm
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): hâm
(Teochew, Peng'im): ham⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xián
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄢˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: sián
  - Wade–Giles: hsien²
  - Yale: syán
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyan
  - Palladius: сянь (sjanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕjɛn³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: haam⁴
  - Yale: hàahm
  - Cantonese Pinyin: haam⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: ham⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /haːm²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ham³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ham²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hàm
  - Hakka Romanization System: hamˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ham²
  - Sinological IPA: /ham¹¹/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hâm
  - Tâi-lô: hâm
  - Phofsit Daibuun: haam
  - IPA (Xiamen): /ham²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ham²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ham¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /ham²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ham²³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ham⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hâm
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ham⁵⁵/

Middle Chinese: /ɦˠɛm/

Rime
Character	咸
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	咸 (151)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	胡讒切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦˠɛm/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦᵚæm/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣɐm/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦəɨm/
Li Rong	/ɣɐm/
Wang Li	/ɣɐm/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣăm/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xián
Expected Cantonese Reflex	haam⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤr[ə]m/
(Zhengzhang): /*ɡrɯːm/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	咸
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xián
Middle Chinese	‹ hɛm ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ]ˁr[ə]m/
English	all; everywhere
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	咸
Reading #	1/1
No.	13515
Phonetic component	咸
Rime group	侵
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	咸
Old Chinese	/*ɡrɯːm/
Notes	從口從戌會刺口之意，鹹初文

Definitions

咸

(literary) all; completely
老少咸宜 ― lǎoshàoxiányí ― to be suitable for both the old and the young
- 首出庶物，萬國咸寧。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
  首出庶物，万国咸宁。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: I Ching, 11^th – 8^th century BCE
  Shǒu chū shùwù, wànguó xiánníng. [Pinyin]
  (The sage) appears aloft, high above all things, and the myriad states all enjoy repose.
- 於諸侯之約，大王當王關中，關中民咸知之。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  于诸侯之约，大王当王关中，关中民咸知之。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
  Yú zhūhóu zhī yuē, dàwáng dāng wàng Guānzhōng, Guānzhōng mín xián zhī zhī. [Pinyin]
  By the covenant made with vassals, you should be the king in Guanzhong; all people of Guanzhong knew this.
(obsolete) together
(literary) united; in harmony
alt. forms: 諴
(literary) common; widespread
(obsolete) to finish; to terminate
31st hexagram of the I Ching
a surname

Compounds

咸五登三
咸和
咸安 (Xián'ān)
咸宜 (xiányí)
咸池
大咸
季咸

巫咸
彭咸
老少咸宜 (lǎoshàoxiányí)
老幼咸宜
阮咸 (ruǎnxián)
阿咸
咸寧／咸宁 (Xiánníng)

咸豐／咸丰 (Xiánfēng)
咸豐草／咸丰草
咸陽／咸阳 (Xiányáng)
咸陽宮／咸阳宫
咸陽火／咸阳火
悲犬咸陽／悲犬咸阳

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 咸 – see 鹹 (“salty; briny; stingy; miserly; etc.”). (This character, 咸, is the simplified form of 鹹.)
Notes: Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia and Singapore. Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

Usage notes

Often used in place of 鹹 (“salty”) in Hong Kong, even though 鹹 is the traditional Chinese character.

Etymology 3

For pronunciation and definitions of 咸 *– see 冚 (“(Cantonese) entire”).* (This character, 咸, is a variant form of 冚.)

Japanese

Kanji

咸

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

all

Readings

Go-on: げん (gen)^{←げむ (gemu, historical)}
Kan-on: かん (kan)^{←かむ (kamu, historical)}
Kun: みな (mina, 咸)
Nanori: たける (takeru); はやし (hayashi); みな (mina)

Korean

Hanja

咸 (eum 함 (ham))

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Vietnamese

Han character

咸: Hán Nôm readings: hàm

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

Nom Foundation