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单词 利
释义

利

利 U+5229, 利
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5229
← 刨
[U+5228]		CJK Unified Ideographs刪 →
[U+522A]
利 U+F9DD, 利
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9DD
← 隆
[U+F9DC]		CJK Compatibility Ideographs吏 →
[U+F9DE]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

利 (Kangxi radical 18, 刀+5, 7 strokes, cangjie input 竹木中弓 (HDLN), four-corner 22900, composition ⿰禾刂)

Derived characters

  • 俐 唎 娳 悧 浰 猁 梸 琍 脷 䂰 蜊 誗 鋓 鯏 𥚥 䬆 𢈱 痢
  • 悡 梨 犁 㴝 𪏭 䖽 鋫 䱘 䵩 峲 莉 筣 鬁

Descendants

  • り
  • リ

References

  • KangXi: page 138, character 19
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1932
  • Dae Jaweon: page 313, character 8
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 329, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+5229
  • Unihan data for U+F9DD

Chinese

simp. and trad.
利

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 利
ShangWestern ZhouWarring StatesShuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone scriptBronze inscriptionsChu slip and silk scriptSmall seal scriptTranscribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (利) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
犁*riːl, *ril
黎*riːl
莉*riːl, *r'il, *r'i
黧*riːl
鯬*riːl, *ril
筣*riːl, *ri
蔾*riːl, *ril
藜*riːl
邌*riːl
瓈*riːl
鵹*rel
棃*ril
梨*ril
蟍*ril
蜊*ril
鑗*ril
利*rids
痢*rids
浰*riːns

Ideogrammic compound (會意) : 禾 (“grain”) + 刀 (“knife”) – to reap grain (禾) with a knife (刀).

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ri:t (“to reap, scrape, shave, cut, sever”) (STEDT, Schuessler, 2007); cognate to Mizo rîit (“to scrap with a hoe”), Western Gurung [script needed] (wriqba, “to scratch”), Burmese ရိတ် (rit, “to cut, reap, mow shave”).

Pronunciation 1

  • Mandarin
    (Pinyin): lì (li4)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧˋ
  • Cantonese
    (Guangzhou, Jyutping): lei6
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): lei5
  • Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): li
    (Meixian, Guangdong): li4
  • Min Dong (BUC): lé / lê
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): lāi / lī
    (Teochew, Peng'im): li6 / lai7
  • Wu (Wiktionary): li (T3)
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: lì
      • Zhuyin: ㄌㄧˋ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: lì
      • Wade–Giles: li4
      • Yale: lì
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lih
      • Palladius: ли (li)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /li⁵¹/
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: lei6
      • Yale: leih
      • Cantonese Pinyin: lei6
      • Guangdong Romanization: léi6
      • Sinological IPA (key): /lei̯²²/
    • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
      • Wiktionary: lei5
      • Sinological IPA (key): /lei³²/
  • Hakka
    • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: li
      • Hakka Romanization System: li
      • Hagfa Pinyim: li4
      • Sinological IPA: /li⁵⁵/
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: li4
      • Sinological IPA: /li⁵³/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: lé / lê
      • Sinological IPA (key): /l̃ɛi²¹³/, /l̃ɛi²⁴²/
Note: lê - sense “sharp” only.
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lāi
      • Tâi-lô: lāi
      • Phofsit Daibuun: lai
      • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /lai²²/
      • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /lai⁴¹/
      • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /lai³³/
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lī
      • Tâi-lô: lī
      • Phofsit Daibuun: li
      • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /li³³/
      • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /li⁴¹/
      • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /li²²/
Note:
  • lāi - vernacular;
  • lī - literary.
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: li6 / lai7
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lĭ / lāi
      • Sinological IPA (key): /li³⁵/, /lai¹¹/
Note:
  • li6 - literary;
  • lai7 - vernacular.
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: li (T3)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /li²³/
  • Middle Chinese: /liɪH/
Rime
Character利
Reading #1/1
Initial (聲)來 (37)
Final (韻)脂 (15)
Tone (調)Departing (H)
Openness (開合)Open
Division (等)III
Fanqie力至切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/liɪH/
Pan
Wuyun		/liH/
Shao
Rongfen		/ljɪH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/liH/
Li
Rong		/liH/
Wang
Li		/liH/
Bernard
Karlgren		/liH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		lì
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		lei6
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.ri[t]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*rids/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character利
Reading #1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		lì
Middle
Chinese		‹ lijH ›
Old
Chinese		/*C.ri[t]-s/
Englishsharp; profit

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character利
Reading #1/1
No.7898
Phonetic
component		利
Rime
group		至
Rime
subdivision		1
Corresponding
MC rime		利
Old
Chinese		/*rids/

Definitions

利

  1. benefit; advantage
  2. profit
    薄利多銷／薄利多销  ―  bólìduōxiāo  ―  small profits but quick returns
  3. (finance) interest
    高利貸／高利贷  ―  gāolìdài  ―  usury; high-interest loan
  4. to benefit; to be beneficial to
  5. favourable; successful
  6. sharp; sharp-edged
  7. a surname
    利希慎 [Cantonese]  ―  lei6 hei1 san6 [Jyutping]  ―  Lee Hysan (Hong Kong businessman involved in opium trade)

Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 快 (“sharp; sharp-edged”) [map]
Variety Location Words
edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)鋒利, 銳利
MandarinBeijing快
Taiwan利
Jinan快
Xi'an快
Wuhan快
Chengdu快
Yangzhou快
Hefei快
Singapore利
CantoneseGuangzhou利
Hong Kong利
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)快, 利
Hong Kong (Ting Kok)利, 快
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)利, 快
Yangjiang利
GanNanchang快
HakkaMeixian利
Miaoli (N. Sixian)利
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)利
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)利
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)利
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)利
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)利
Hong Kong快
JinTaiyuan快
Min BeiJian'ou利
Min DongFuzhou利
Min NanXiamen利
Tainan利
Penang (Hokkien)利
Chaozhou利
WuSuzhou快
Wenzhou快
XiangChangsha快
Shuangfeng快

Pronunciation 2

  • Mandarin
    (Pinyin): lì (li4)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧˋ
  • Cantonese
    (Guangzhou, Jyutping): lai6
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): lei5
  • Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): li4
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): lī
    (Teochew, Peng'im): li7
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: lì
      • Zhuyin: ㄌㄧˋ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: lì
      • Wade–Giles: li4
      • Yale: lì
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lih
      • Palladius: ли (li)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /li⁵¹/
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: lai6
      • Yale: laih
      • Cantonese Pinyin: lai6
      • Guangdong Romanization: lei6
      • Sinological IPA (key): /lɐi̯²²/
    • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
      • Wiktionary: lei5
      • Sinological IPA (key): /lei³²/
  • Hakka
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: li4
      • Sinological IPA: /li⁵³/
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lī
      • Tâi-lô: lī
      • Phofsit Daibuun: li
      • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /li³³/
      • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /li²²/
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: li7
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lī
      • Sinological IPA (key): /li¹¹/

Definitions

利

  1. Only used in 利市 (lai6 si6).

Compounds

Derived terms from 利

Japanese

Kanji

利

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. profit, benefit

Readings

  • Go-on: り (ri, Jōyō)
  • Kan-on: り (ri, Jōyō)
  • Kun: きく (kiku, 利く, Jōyō); よい (yoi, 利い); するどい (surudoi, 利い); とし (toshi, 利し)

Compounds

  • 砂(じゃ)利(り) (jari, “gravel; child”), 砂(ざ)利(り) (zari, “gravel”)
  • 利(り)益(えき) (rieki)
  • 利(り)害(がい) (rigai)
  • 利(り)権(けん) (riken)
  • 利(り)己(こ) (riko)
  • 利(り)口(こう) (rikō)
  • 利(り)子(し) (rishi, “interest”)
  • 利(り)鞘(ざや) (rizaya, “profit margin”)
  • 利(り)息(そく) (risoku, “interest”)
  • 利(り)発(はつ) (rihatsu)
  • 利(り)便(べん) (riben)
  • 利(り)便(べん)性(せい) (ribensei)
  • 利(り)用(よう)者(しゃ) (riyōsha)
  • 利(り)用(よう) (riyō)
  • 利(り)率(りつ) (riritsu, “interest rate”)
  • 営(えい)利(り) (eiri)
  • 鋭(えい)利(り) (eiri)
  • 元(がん)利(り) (ganri)
  • 権(けん)利(り) (kenri)
  • 功(こう)利(り) (kōri)
  • 功(こう)利(り)的(てき) (kōriteki)
  • 功(こう)利(り)主(しゅ)義(ぎ) (kōrishugi)
  • 高(こう)利(り) (kōri)
  • 高(こう)利(り)貸(が)し (kōrigashi)
  • 犀(さい)利(り) (sairi)
  • 薄(はく)利(り) (hakuri)
  • 福(ふく)利(り) (fukuri)
  • 複(ふく)利(り) (fukuri)
  • 暴(ぼう)利(り) (bōri)
  • 利(り)尻(しり)島(とう) (Rishiri-tō)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
利
り
Grade: 4
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 利 (lijH, “profit”).

Pronunciation

  • On’yomi
    • (Tokyo) り​ [ríꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])[1][2]
    • IPA(key): [ɾʲi]

Noun

利(り) • (ri) 

  1. profit, benefit, advantage

Antonyms

  • 害(がい) (gai, “damage”)

Verb

利(り)する • (ri suru) suru (stem 利(り)し (ri shi), past 利(り)した (ri shita))

  1. to benefit

Conjugation

Conjugation of "利する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)利しりしri shi
Continuative (連用形)利しりしri shi
Terminal (終止形)利するりするri suru
Attributive (連体形)利するりするri suru
Hypothetical (仮定形)利すれりすれri sure
Imperative (命令形)利せよ¹
利しろ²		りせよ¹
りしろ²		ri seyo¹
ri shiro²
Key constructions
Passive利されるりされるri sareru
Causative利させる
利さす		りさせる
りさす		ri saseru
ri sasu
Potential利できるりできるri dekiru
Volitional利しようりしようri shiyō
Negative利しないりしないri shinai
Negative continuative利せずりせずri sezu
Formal利しますりしますri shimasu
Perfective利したりしたri shita
Conjunctive利してりしてri shite
Hypothetical conditional利すればりすればri sureba
¹ Written imperative

² Spoken imperative

References

  1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

利 (eumhun 이로울 리 (iroul ri), South Korea 이로울 이 (iroul i))

  1. Hanja form? of 리 (“benefit”).

Compounds

  • 복리 (福利, bongni, “welfare”)
  • 이율 (利率, iyul, “interest rate”)

Old Korean

Alternative forms

  • 刂 (*-i) (gugyeol abbreviation)
  • 伊 (*-i)
  • 次 (*-i) (semantically adapted phonogram, potential variant)

Particle

利 (*-i)

  1. and (connecting particle for nouns)
    • mid-6th century, Wooden Tablet #221 from Seongsan Sanseong, Haman:
      人次人嗚
      many people [lit. people and people] lamented
    • c. 965, 均如 (Gyunyeo), “隨喜功德歌 (Suhuigongdeok-ga)”, in 均如傳 (Gyunyeo-jeon) [Works of Gyunyeo]:
      佛伊衆生毛叱所只
      so that there is no [more] "Buddha and the sentient beings"
    • 10th century, Interpretive jeomto gugyeol glosses to Volume 20 of the Jinbon Avatamsaka Sutra:
      一切諸佛刂菩薩
      Each and every Buddha and bodhisattva

Usage notes

利 (*-i) was used to denote particularly intimate connections between nouns, compared to 果 (*-kwa) which had a more general use. The particle was totally extinct by the fifteenth century, and has no known Middle Korean reflex.

The sixth-century attestation given above is the reading of the tablet by linguist Lee Seungjae, who is the only person so far to have interpreted the text. It is possible that future interpreters will analyze 次 differently.

See also

  • 果 (*-kwa, “and; with”, comitative case marker)

References

  • 박진호 (Bak Jin-ho) (2007), “Hyangga haedok-gwa gugeo munbeopsa [Hyangga interpretations and the history of Korean grammar]”, in Gugeohak, volume 51, pages 313–338
  • 이승재 (Lee Seungjae) (2017) Mokgan-e girokdoen Godae Han'gugeo [The Old Korean Language Inscribed on Wooden Tablets)], Ilchogak, →ISBN

Vietnamese

Han character

利: Hán Việt readings: lợi[1][2][3]
利: Nôm readings: lời[1][2][3][4], lợi[1][2][3], rời[1][2], rơi[1], ráy[1], lì[3]

  1. chữ Hán form of lợi (“profit”).
  2. Nôm form of lời (“profit; interest”).

References

  1. Nguyễn (2014).
  2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. Trần (2004).
  4. Hồ (1976).
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