不只

不只

Chinese

		not; no	only; merely; just only; merely; just; but
simp. and trad. (不只)		不	只

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): bùzhǐ

  (Zhuyin): ㄅㄨˋ ㄓˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): bat¹ zi²
• Min Nan (POJ): put-chí

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)
    • Hanyu Pinyin: bùzhǐ
    • Zhuyin: ㄅㄨˋ ㄓˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: bùjhǐh
    • Wade–Giles: pu⁴-chih³
    • Yale: bù-jř
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bujyy
    • Palladius: бучжи (bučži)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
    • Homophones:

      [Show/Hide]
      edit edit 不只 不止

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)
    • Jyutping: bat¹ zi²
    • Yale: bāt jí
    • Cantonese Pinyin: bat⁷ dzi²
    • Guangdong Romanization: bed¹ ji²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pɐt̚⁵ t͡siː³⁵/
    • Homophones:

      edit edit 不只 不止

• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: put-chí
    • Tâi-lô: put-tsí
    • Phofsit Daibuun: putcie
    • IPA (Xiamen): /put̚³²⁻⁴ t͡ɕi⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /put̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡ɕi⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /put̚³²⁻⁵ t͡ɕi⁵³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /put̚³²⁻⁴ t͡ɕi⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /put̚³²⁻⁴ t͡ɕi⁴¹/

Conjunction

不只

1. not only; not merely

   他們不只談話，還喊叫大笑。 [MSC, trad.]
   他们不只谈话，还喊叫大笑。 [MSC, simp.]

   Tāmen bùzhǐ tánhuà, hái hǎnjiào dàxiào. [Pinyin]

   They not only talked but also shouted and laughed.

Synonyms

edit

Synonyms of 不只

不但 (bùdàn) 不光 (bùguāng) 不惟 (bùwéi) (literary) 不止 (bùzhǐ) 不特 (bùtè) (literary) 不直 (bùzhí) (literary) 伓止 (Min Bei, Min Nan) 勿光 (Wu) 唔只 (Cantonese) 毋但 (Min Nan) 非但 (fēidàn) 不僅／不仅 (bùjǐn)

不單／不单 (bùdān) 不獨／不独 (bùdú) 不論／不论 (bùlùn) (literary) 勿僅／勿仅 (Wu) 勿僅僅／勿仅仅 (Wu) 唔單／唔单 (Teochew) 唔單只／唔单只 (Cantonese, Teochew) 唔淨只／唔净只 (Cantonese) 豈但／岂但 (qǐdàn) (literary) 非獨／非独 (fēidú) 非論／非论 (fēilùn) (literary)

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Old Korean

Etymology

Potentially a compound of *an (ancestral negating root) + *to (semantically light noun meaning "objective fact", whence Middle Korean ᄃᆞ (to)) + *-k (some kind of suffix).

Adverb

不只 (*ANTOk)

1. cannot; denotes inability to carry out the verb

Usage notes

This form is used by the mainstream "Yogācārabhūmi-Śāstra glossing tradition" of Interpretive Gugyeol, referring to all Korean-language glosses to the Buddhist canon up to 1300 except for two glosses of excerpts of the Avatamsaka Sutra and a recently discovered gloss of the Sutra of the Repentance Ritual of Great Compassion, all three of which share idiosyncratic features including the use of what appears to be a graphic abbreviation of 毛冬 (“cannot”).

As with Middle and Modern Korean (see 못 (mot) and 못하다 (mothada)), the Old Korean 不只 construction had two forms: a short form in which the adverb directly preceded the negated verb, and a long form in which the adverb negated the verb 爲 (*hoy-, “to do”) similar to English do-support. However, unlike in Middle and Modern Korean, 爲 did not act as a true auxiliary verb, as the main verb was nominalized to become the direct object of 爲.

According to the analysis of Mun Hyeon-su, when the main verb was modified by another adverb, word order in the long form construction of 不只 differed from the long form construction of 毛冬:

• Yogācārabhūmi-Śāstra tradition: [NOMINALIZED VERB] [ADVERB] 不只 (*ANTOk) 爲 (*hoy-)
• Avatamsaka Sutra tradition: [NOMINALIZED VERB] 毛冬 (*mwotol) [ADVERB] 爲 (*hoy-)
• Middle and Modern Korean: [ADVERB] [MAIN VERB] 못 (mot) 하 (ha-)

Reconstruction notes

The final phonogram 只 denotes the coda consonant *-k.

This adverb is not attested in Middle Korean Idu script. However, some sixteenth-century Chinese-Korean glossaries for use by schoolchildren gloss the Chinese word 不 as 안ᄃᆞᆨ (Yale: antok), of uncertain meaning. As this is the only known negative ending with *-k in Middle Korean sources and as the Middle Korean glossary genre is celebrated for linguistic archaisms, Old Korean 不只 is conventionally reconstructed as *ANTOk. This also matches 不知 (*ANti) and 不冬 (*ANtol), which use the same logogram.

See also

• 不知 (*ANti) (nominal negator)
• 不冬 (*ANtol) (verbal negator)
• 毛冬 (*mwotol) (marker of inability)

References

• 문현수 (Mun Hyeon-su) (2019), “석독구결의 능력부정에 대한 연구 [A study of ability negation in interpretive gugyeol]”, in Gugeosa Yeon'gu, volume 28, DOI:10.14727/khl.2019.28.269, pages 269–298