قرظ
See also: قرط and فرط
Arabic
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قَرَظ
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-West Semitic, cognate to Aramaic קרטא / ܩܷܪܱܛܳܐ (qerraṭṭā, “acacia; carob”), and Ancient Greek κεράτιον (kerátion, “carob tree”), matched to the Semitic. This tree is important for tanning and dying, hence the meaning of “to eulogize”.
According to Löw the Syriac word is from Arabic and the Arabic from Greek, but a borrowing of ظ (ẓ) is hard (save from South Semitic). and the Greek gives regularly already existing قِيرَاط (qīrāṭ).
Dictionnaire du faisceau dialectal arabe andalou considers a borrowing from Egyptian ꜣqrw (“a tree the fruits of which are used officinally”) with an added second element, compare نَبَق (nabaq) where the same seems to have happened.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /qa.raðˤ/
Noun
قَرَظ • (qaraẓ) m (collective, singulative قَرَظَة f (qaraẓa))
- Acacia spp. or Vachellia spp., especially Vachellia nilotica and Acacia etbaica syn. Vachellia etbaica, and especially its leaves or pods
- Synonyms: طَلْح (ṭalḥ), سَنْط (sanṭ)
Declension
Declension of noun قَرَظ (qaraẓ)
| Collective | basic collective triptote | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | قَرَظ qaraẓ | الْقَرَظ al-qaraẓ | قَرَظ qaraẓ |
| Nominative | قَرَظٌ qaraẓun | الْقَرَظُ al-qaraẓu | قَرَظُ qaraẓu |
| Accusative | قَرَظًا qaraẓan | الْقَرَظَ al-qaraẓa | قَرَظَ qaraẓa |
| Genitive | قَرَظٍ qaraẓin | الْقَرَظِ al-qaraẓi | قَرَظِ qaraẓi |
| Singulative | singulative triptote in ـَة (-a) | ||
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | قَرَظَة qaraẓa | الْقَرَظَة al-qaraẓa | قَرَظَة qaraẓat |
| Nominative | قَرَظَةٌ qaraẓatun | الْقَرَظَةُ al-qaraẓatu | قَرَظَةُ qaraẓatu |
| Accusative | قَرَظَةً qaraẓatan | الْقَرَظَةَ al-qaraẓata | قَرَظَةَ qaraẓata |
| Genitive | قَرَظَةٍ qaraẓatin | الْقَرَظَةِ al-qaraẓati | قَرَظَةِ qaraẓati |
| Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
| Informal | قَرَظَتَيْن qaraẓatayn | الْقَرَظَتَيْن al-qaraẓatayn | قَرَظَتَيْ qaraẓatay |
| Nominative | قَرَظَتَانِ qaraẓatāni | الْقَرَظَتَانِ al-qaraẓatāni | قَرَظَتَا qaraẓatā |
| Accusative | قَرَظَتَيْنِ qaraẓatayni | الْقَرَظَتَيْنِ al-qaraẓatayni | قَرَظَتَيْ qaraẓatay |
| Genitive | قَرَظَتَيْنِ qaraẓatayni | الْقَرَظَتَيْنِ al-qaraẓatayni | قَرَظَتَيْ qaraẓatay |
| Paucal (3-10) | sound feminine paucal | ||
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | قَرَظَات qaraẓāt | الْقَرَظَات al-qaraẓāt | قَرَظَات qaraẓāt |
| Nominative | قَرَظَاتٌ qaraẓātun | الْقَرَظَاتُ al-qaraẓātu | قَرَظَاتُ qaraẓātu |
| Accusative | قَرَظَاتٍ qaraẓātin | الْقَرَظَاتِ al-qaraẓāti | قَرَظَاتِ qaraẓāti |
| Genitive | قَرَظَاتٍ qaraẓātin | الْقَرَظَاتِ al-qaraẓāti | قَرَظَاتِ qaraẓāti |
Derived terms
- قُرَيْظَة (qurayẓa, diminutive)
- قَرَظِيّ (qaraẓiyy)
- قَرَّظَ (qarraẓa, “to eulogize, to praise”)
- تَقَارَظَ (taqāraẓa, “to praise one another”)
- قَرِيظ (qarīẓ, “eulogy”)
Descendants
- → Classical Syriac: ܩܪܕ (qrḏ)
Verb
قَرَظَ • (qaraẓa) I, non-past يَقْرِظُ (yaqriẓu)
- to tan or dye with قَرَظ (qaraẓ)
- to pluck the leaves or pods قَرَظ (qaraẓ)
Conjugation
Conjugation of
قَرَظَ
(form-I sound, verbal noun قَرْظ)| verbal noun الْمَصْدَر | قَرْظ qarẓ | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل | قَارِظ qāriẓ | |||||||||||
| passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول | مَقْرُوظ maqrūẓ | |||||||||||
| active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
| singular الْمُفْرَد | dual الْمُثَنَّى | plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
| 1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم | 2nd person الْمُخَاطَب | 3rd person الْغَائِب | 2nd person الْمُخَاطَب | 3rd person الْغَائِب | 1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم | 2nd person الْمُخَاطَب | 3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
| past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي | m | قَرَظْتُ qaraẓtu | قَرَظْتَ qaraẓta | قَرَظَ qaraẓa | قَرَظْتُمَا qaraẓtumā | قَرَظَا qaraẓā | قَرَظْنَا qaraẓnā | قَرَظْتُمْ qaraẓtum | قَرَظُوا qaraẓū | |||
| f | قَرَظْتِ qaraẓti | قَرَظَتْ qaraẓat | قَرَظَتَا qaraẓatā | قَرَظْتُنَّ qaraẓtunna | قَرَظْنَ qaraẓna | |||||||
| non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع | m | أَقْرِظُ ʾaqriẓu | تَقْرِظُ taqriẓu | يَقْرِظُ yaqriẓu | تَقْرِظَانِ taqriẓāni | يَقْرِظَانِ yaqriẓāni | نَقْرِظُ naqriẓu | تَقْرِظُونَ taqriẓūna | يَقْرِظُونَ yaqriẓūna | |||
| f | تَقْرِظِينَ taqriẓīna | تَقْرِظُ taqriẓu | تَقْرِظَانِ taqriẓāni | تَقْرِظْنَ taqriẓna | يَقْرِظْنَ yaqriẓna | |||||||
| subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب | m | أَقْرِظَ ʾaqriẓa | تَقْرِظَ taqriẓa | يَقْرِظَ yaqriẓa | تَقْرِظَا taqriẓā | يَقْرِظَا yaqriẓā | نَقْرِظَ naqriẓa | تَقْرِظُوا taqriẓū | يَقْرِظُوا yaqriẓū | |||
| f | تَقْرِظِي taqriẓī | تَقْرِظَ taqriẓa | تَقْرِظَا taqriẓā | تَقْرِظْنَ taqriẓna | يَقْرِظْنَ yaqriẓna | |||||||
| jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم | m | أَقْرِظْ ʾaqriẓ | تَقْرِظْ taqriẓ | يَقْرِظْ yaqriẓ | تَقْرِظَا taqriẓā | يَقْرِظَا yaqriẓā | نَقْرِظْ naqriẓ | تَقْرِظُوا taqriẓū | يَقْرِظُوا yaqriẓū | |||
| f | تَقْرِظِي taqriẓī | تَقْرِظْ taqriẓ | تَقْرِظَا taqriẓā | تَقْرِظْنَ taqriẓna | يَقْرِظْنَ yaqriẓna | |||||||
| imperative الْأَمْر | m | اِقْرِظْ iqriẓ | اِقْرِظَا iqriẓā | اِقْرِظُوا iqriẓū | ||||||||
| f | اِقْرِظِي iqriẓī | اِقْرِظْنَ iqriẓna | ||||||||||
| passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
| singular الْمُفْرَد | dual الْمُثَنَّى | plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
| 1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم | 2nd person الْمُخَاطَب | 3rd person الْغَائِب | 2nd person الْمُخَاطَب | 3rd person الْغَائِب | 1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم | 2nd person الْمُخَاطَب | 3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
| past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي | m | قُرِظْتُ quriẓtu | قُرِظْتَ quriẓta | قُرِظَ quriẓa | قُرِظْتُمَا quriẓtumā | قُرِظَا quriẓā | قُرِظْنَا quriẓnā | قُرِظْتُمْ quriẓtum | قُرِظُوا quriẓū | |||
| f | قُرِظْتِ quriẓti | قُرِظَتْ quriẓat | قُرِظَتَا quriẓatā | قُرِظْتُنَّ quriẓtunna | قُرِظْنَ quriẓna | |||||||
| non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع | m | أُقْرَظُ ʾuqraẓu | تُقْرَظُ tuqraẓu | يُقْرَظُ yuqraẓu | تُقْرَظَانِ tuqraẓāni | يُقْرَظَانِ yuqraẓāni | نُقْرَظُ nuqraẓu | تُقْرَظُونَ tuqraẓūna | يُقْرَظُونَ yuqraẓūna | |||
| f | تُقْرَظِينَ tuqraẓīna | تُقْرَظُ tuqraẓu | تُقْرَظَانِ tuqraẓāni | تُقْرَظْنَ tuqraẓna | يُقْرَظْنَ yuqraẓna | |||||||
| subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب | m | أُقْرَظَ ʾuqraẓa | تُقْرَظَ tuqraẓa | يُقْرَظَ yuqraẓa | تُقْرَظَا tuqraẓā | يُقْرَظَا yuqraẓā | نُقْرَظَ nuqraẓa | تُقْرَظُوا tuqraẓū | يُقْرَظُوا yuqraẓū | |||
| f | تُقْرَظِي tuqraẓī | تُقْرَظَ tuqraẓa | تُقْرَظَا tuqraẓā | تُقْرَظْنَ tuqraẓna | يُقْرَظْنَ yuqraẓna | |||||||
| jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم | m | أُقْرَظْ ʾuqraẓ | تُقْرَظْ tuqraẓ | يُقْرَظْ yuqraẓ | تُقْرَظَا tuqraẓā | يُقْرَظَا yuqraẓā | نُقْرَظْ nuqraẓ | تُقْرَظُوا tuqraẓū | يُقْرَظُوا yuqraẓū | |||
| f | تُقْرَظِي tuqraẓī | تُقْرَظْ tuqraẓ | تُقْرَظَا tuqraẓā | تُقْرَظْنَ tuqraẓna | يُقْرَظْنَ yuqraẓna | |||||||
Verb
قَرَّظَ • (qarraẓa) II, non-past يُقَرِّظُ (yuqarriẓu)
- to praise, to eulogize, to commend
Conjugation
Conjugation of
قَرَّظَ
(form-II sound)| verbal noun الْمَصْدَر | تَقْرِيظ taqrīẓ | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل | مُقَرِّظ muqarriẓ | |||||||||||
| passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول | مُقَرَّظ muqarraẓ | |||||||||||
| active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
| singular الْمُفْرَد | dual الْمُثَنَّى | plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
| 1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم | 2nd person الْمُخَاطَب | 3rd person الْغَائِب | 2nd person الْمُخَاطَب | 3rd person الْغَائِب | 1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم | 2nd person الْمُخَاطَب | 3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
| past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي | m | قَرَّظْتُ qarraẓtu | قَرَّظْتَ qarraẓta | قَرَّظَ qarraẓa | قَرَّظْتُمَا qarraẓtumā | قَرَّظَا qarraẓā | قَرَّظْنَا qarraẓnā | قَرَّظْتُمْ qarraẓtum | قَرَّظُوا qarraẓū | |||
| f | قَرَّظْتِ qarraẓti | قَرَّظَتْ qarraẓat | قَرَّظَتَا qarraẓatā | قَرَّظْتُنَّ qarraẓtunna | قَرَّظْنَ qarraẓna | |||||||
| non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع | m | أُقَرِّظُ ʾuqarriẓu | تُقَرِّظُ tuqarriẓu | يُقَرِّظُ yuqarriẓu | تُقَرِّظَانِ tuqarriẓāni | يُقَرِّظَانِ yuqarriẓāni | نُقَرِّظُ nuqarriẓu | تُقَرِّظُونَ tuqarriẓūna | يُقَرِّظُونَ yuqarriẓūna | |||
| f | تُقَرِّظِينَ tuqarriẓīna | تُقَرِّظُ tuqarriẓu | تُقَرِّظَانِ tuqarriẓāni | تُقَرِّظْنَ tuqarriẓna | يُقَرِّظْنَ yuqarriẓna | |||||||
| subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب | m | أُقَرِّظَ ʾuqarriẓa | تُقَرِّظَ tuqarriẓa | يُقَرِّظَ yuqarriẓa | تُقَرِّظَا tuqarriẓā | يُقَرِّظَا yuqarriẓā | نُقَرِّظَ nuqarriẓa | تُقَرِّظُوا tuqarriẓū | يُقَرِّظُوا yuqarriẓū | |||
| f | تُقَرِّظِي tuqarriẓī | تُقَرِّظَ tuqarriẓa | تُقَرِّظَا tuqarriẓā | تُقَرِّظْنَ tuqarriẓna | يُقَرِّظْنَ yuqarriẓna | |||||||
| jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم | m | أُقَرِّظْ ʾuqarriẓ | تُقَرِّظْ tuqarriẓ | يُقَرِّظْ yuqarriẓ | تُقَرِّظَا tuqarriẓā | يُقَرِّظَا yuqarriẓā | نُقَرِّظْ nuqarriẓ | تُقَرِّظُوا tuqarriẓū | يُقَرِّظُوا yuqarriẓū | |||
| f | تُقَرِّظِي tuqarriẓī | تُقَرِّظْ tuqarriẓ | تُقَرِّظَا tuqarriẓā | تُقَرِّظْنَ tuqarriẓna | يُقَرِّظْنَ yuqarriẓna | |||||||
| imperative الْأَمْر | m | قَرِّظْ qarriẓ | قَرِّظَا qarriẓā | قَرِّظُوا qarriẓū | ||||||||
| f | قَرِّظِي qarriẓī | قَرِّظْنَ qarriẓna | ||||||||||
| passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
| singular الْمُفْرَد | dual الْمُثَنَّى | plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
| 1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم | 2nd person الْمُخَاطَب | 3rd person الْغَائِب | 2nd person الْمُخَاطَب | 3rd person الْغَائِب | 1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم | 2nd person الْمُخَاطَب | 3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
| past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي | m | قُرِّظْتُ qurriẓtu | قُرِّظْتَ qurriẓta | قُرِّظَ qurriẓa | قُرِّظْتُمَا qurriẓtumā | قُرِّظَا qurriẓā | قُرِّظْنَا qurriẓnā | قُرِّظْتُمْ qurriẓtum | قُرِّظُوا qurriẓū | |||
| f | قُرِّظْتِ qurriẓti | قُرِّظَتْ qurriẓat | قُرِّظَتَا qurriẓatā | قُرِّظْتُنَّ qurriẓtunna | قُرِّظْنَ qurriẓna | |||||||
| non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع | m | أُقَرَّظُ ʾuqarraẓu | تُقَرَّظُ tuqarraẓu | يُقَرَّظُ yuqarraẓu | تُقَرَّظَانِ tuqarraẓāni | يُقَرَّظَانِ yuqarraẓāni | نُقَرَّظُ nuqarraẓu | تُقَرَّظُونَ tuqarraẓūna | يُقَرَّظُونَ yuqarraẓūna | |||
| f | تُقَرَّظِينَ tuqarraẓīna | تُقَرَّظُ tuqarraẓu | تُقَرَّظَانِ tuqarraẓāni | تُقَرَّظْنَ tuqarraẓna | يُقَرَّظْنَ yuqarraẓna | |||||||
| subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب | m | أُقَرَّظَ ʾuqarraẓa | تُقَرَّظَ tuqarraẓa | يُقَرَّظَ yuqarraẓa | تُقَرَّظَا tuqarraẓā | يُقَرَّظَا yuqarraẓā | نُقَرَّظَ nuqarraẓa | تُقَرَّظُوا tuqarraẓū | يُقَرَّظُوا yuqarraẓū | |||
| f | تُقَرَّظِي tuqarraẓī | تُقَرَّظَ tuqarraẓa | تُقَرَّظَا tuqarraẓā | تُقَرَّظْنَ tuqarraẓna | يُقَرَّظْنَ yuqarraẓna | |||||||
| jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم | m | أُقَرَّظْ ʾuqarraẓ | تُقَرَّظْ tuqarraẓ | يُقَرَّظْ yuqarraẓ | تُقَرَّظَا tuqarraẓā | يُقَرَّظَا yuqarraẓā | نُقَرَّظْ nuqarraẓ | تُقَرَّظُوا tuqarraẓū | يُقَرَّظُوا yuqarraẓū | |||
| f | تُقَرَّظِي tuqarraẓī | تُقَرَّظْ tuqarraẓ | تُقَرَّظَا tuqarraẓā | تُقَرَّظْنَ tuqarraẓna | يُقَرَّظْنَ yuqarraẓna | |||||||
Noun
قَرْظ • (qarẓ) m
- verbal noun of قَرَظَ (qaraẓa) (form I)
Declension
Declension of noun قَرْظ (qarẓ)
| Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | قَرْظ qarẓ | الْقَرْظ al-qarẓ | قَرْظ qarẓ |
| Nominative | قَرْظٌ qarẓun | الْقَرْظُ al-qarẓu | قَرْظُ qarẓu |
| Accusative | قَرْظًا qarẓan | الْقَرْظَ al-qarẓa | قَرْظَ qarẓa |
| Genitive | قَرْظٍ qarẓin | الْقَرْظِ al-qarẓi | قَرْظِ qarẓi |
References
- “qrṭ4”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
- Corriente, Federico; Pereira, Christophe; Vicente, Angeles, editors (2017) Dictionnaire du faisceau dialectal arabe andalou. Perspectives phraséologiques et étymologiques (in French), Berlin: De Gruyter, page 1020
- Fraenkel, Siegmund (1886) Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen (in German), Leiden: E. J. Brill, pages 200–201
- Freytag, Georg (1835), “قرظ”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum (in Latin), volume 3, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 428
- Kazimirski, Albin de Biberstein (1860), “قرظ”, in Dictionnaire arabe-français contenant toutes les racines de la langue arabe, leurs dérivés, tant dans l’idiome vulgaire que dans l’idiome littéral, ainsi que les dialectes d’Alger et de Maroc (in French), volume 2, Paris: Maisonneuve et Cie, page 716
- Lane, Edward William (1863), “قرظ”, in Arabic-English Lexicon, London: Williams & Norgate, page 2518
- Löw, Immanuel (1881) Aramæische Pflanzennamen (in German), Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann, page 197
- Löw, Immanuel (1924) Die Flora der Juden (in German), volume 2, Wien und Leipzig: R. Löwit, pages 387–388
- Mandaville, James Paul (2011) Bedouin Ethnobotany. Plant Concepts and Uses in a Desert Pastoral World, Tuscon: University of Arizona Press, →ISBN, page 140
- Wehr, Hans (1979), “قرظ”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN, page 887
- Wehr, Hans; Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985), “قرظ”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 1018