جل

جل

See also: چل‎, خل‎, حل‎, ـجل‎, and ـجیل‎

Arabic

Etymology 1

From ج ل ل‎ (j-l-l). Compare Hebrew גַּל‎ (gall).

Adjective

جَلّ • (jall)

1. great
2. bulky
3. outstanding

Declension

Declension of adjective جَلّ (jall)

Singular	Masculine		Feminine
	basic singular triptote		singular triptote in ـَة (-a)
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Informal	جَلّ jall	الْجَلّ‎ al-jall	جَلَّة‎ jalla	الْجَلَّة‎ al-jalla
Nominative	جَلٌّ jallun	الْجَلُّ‎ al-jallu	جَلَّةٌ‎ jallatun	الْجَلَّةُ‎ al-jallatu
Accusative	جَلًّا‎ jallan	الْجَلَّ‎ al-jalla	جَلَّةً‎ jallatan	الْجَلَّةَ‎ al-jallata
Genitive	جَلٍّ jallin	الْجَلِّ‎ al-jalli	جَلَّةٍ‎ jallatin	الْجَلَّةِ‎ al-jallati
Dual	Masculine		Feminine
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Informal	جَلَّيْن‎ jallayn	الْجَلَّيْن‎ al-jallayn	جَلَّتَيْن‎ jallatayn	الْجَلَّتَيْن‎ al-jallatayn
Nominative	جَلَّانِ‎ jallāni	الْجَلَّانِ‎ al-jallāni	جَلَّتَانِ‎ jallatāni	الْجَلَّتَانِ‎ al-jallatāni
Accusative	جَلَّيْنِ‎ jallayni	الْجَلَّيْنِ‎ al-jallayni	جَلَّتَيْنِ‎ jallatayni	الْجَلَّتَيْنِ‎ al-jallatayni
Genitive	جَلَّيْنِ‎ jallayni	الْجَلَّيْنِ‎ al-jallayni	جَلَّتَيْنِ‎ jallatayni	الْجَلَّتَيْنِ‎ al-jallatayni
Plural	Masculine		Feminine
	basic broken plural triptote		sound feminine plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Informal	جُلُوب‎ julūb	الْجُلُوب‎ al-julūb	جَلَّات‎ jallāt	الْجَلَّات‎ al-jallāt
Nominative	جُلُوبٌ‎ julūbun	الْجُلُوبُ‎ al-julūbu	جَلَّاتٌ‎ jallātun	الْجَلَّاتُ‎ al-jallātu
Accusative	جُلُوبًا‎ julūban	الْجُلُوبَ‎ al-julūba	جَلَّاتٍ‎ jallātin	الْجَلَّاتِ‎ al-jallāti
Genitive	جُلُوبٍ‎ julūbin	الْجُلُوبِ‎ al-julūbi	جَلَّاتٍ‎ jallātin	الْجَلَّاتِ‎ al-jallāti

Noun

جُلّ • (jull) m

1. (construct) the bulk (of), the majority (of); the lion's share

   Synonym: أَكْثَر‎ (ʔakṯar)

   ‏مَا لَا يُدْرَكُ كُلُّهُ، لَا يُتْرَكُ جُلُّهُ.‎‎

   mā lā yudraku kulluhu, lā yutraku julluhu.

   What is not wholly achieved is not to be largely abandoned.

   • 20th century, مُصْطَفَى صادِق الرافِعي, جل الناسِ أعداءُ

     ‏جل الناسِ أعداءُ على السرَّاءِ والضَّرَّا
     فلا يغرُرْكَ مبتسمٌ وإن أبدى لكَ البشرا
     ففي الصدر حزازاتٌ تكادُ تمزقُ الصدرا
     ولو كادوا النجومَ هوتْ من الخضراءِ للغبرا
     وما الدنيا إذا فكر تَ غير جهنمَ الصُّغرى
     ألستَ ترى بها أمماً وكلٌّ تلعنُ الأخرى
     لقد جرَّبْتُ جُلَّهُمُ فلمْ أر فيهمُ خيرا
     ‎

     Most men are rabid foes, / Be they in joy or woe!
     Do not be fooled by smiles, / Even if seeming kind:
     In their breasts is hateful fury, / almost tearing their hearts apart!
     If men could plot against the stars, / The stars would fall into the mire.
     Life, if you reflect, / Is but a "lesser Hell":
     Do you not see in it many nations? / And each of them execrates the other!
     I have appraised most sorts and kinds, / And in all, I saw no goodness!

Declension

Declension of noun جُلّ (jull)

Singular	basic singular triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	جُلّ jull	الْجُلّ‎ al-jull	جُلّ jull
Nominative	جُلٌّ jullun	الْجُلُّ‎ al-jullu	جُلُّ jullu
Accusative	جُلًّا‎ jullan	الْجُلَّ‎ al-julla	جُلَّ julla
Genitive	جُلٍّ jullin	الْجُلِّ‎ al-julli	جُلِّ julli

Verb

جَلَّ • (jalla) I, non-past يَجِلُّ‎‎ (yajillu)

1. to be illustrious
2. to be beyond or above
3. to be exalted or dignified
4. to grow old

Conjugation

Conjugation of

جَلَّ

(form-I geminate, verbal nouns جَلَال or جَلَالَة)

verbal nouns الْمَصَادِر						جَلَال‎ or جَلَالَة‎ jalāl or jalāla
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل						جَالّ‎ jāll
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	جَلَلْتُ‎ jalaltu	جَلَلْتَ‎ jalalta	جَلَّ jalla		جَلَلْتُمَا‎ jalaltumā	جَلَّا‎ jallā		جَلَلْنَا‎ jalalnā	جَلَلْتُمْ‎ jalaltum	جَلُّوا‎ jallū
	f		جَلَلْتِ‎ jalalti	جَلَّتْ‎ jallat			جَلَّتَا‎ jallatā			جَلَلْتُنَّ‎ jalaltunna	جَلَلْنَ‎ jalalna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أَجِلُّ‎ ʔajillu	تَجِلُّ‎ tajillu	يَجِلُّ‎ yajillu		تَجِلَّانِ‎ tajillāni	يَجِلَّانِ‎ yajillāni		نَجِلُّ‎ najillu	تَجِلُّونَ‎ tajillūna	يَجِلُّونَ‎ yajillūna
	f		تَجِلِّينَ‎ tajillīna	تَجِلُّ‎ tajillu			تَجِلَّانِ‎ tajillāni			تَجْلِلْنَ‎ tajlilna	يَجْلِلْنَ‎ yajlilna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أَجِلَّ‎ ʔajilla	تَجِلَّ‎ tajilla	يَجِلَّ‎ yajilla		تَجِلَّا‎ tajillā	يَجِلَّا‎ yajillā		نَجِلَّ‎ najilla	تَجِلُّوا‎ tajillū	يَجِلُّوا‎ yajillū
	f		تَجِلِّي‎ tajillī	تَجِلَّ‎ tajilla			تَجِلَّا‎ tajillā			تَجْلِلْنَ‎ tajlilna	يَجْلِلْنَ‎ yajlilna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أَجِلَّ‎ or أَجِلِّ‎ or أَجْلِلْ‎ ʔajilla or ʔajilli or ʔajlil	تَجِلَّ‎ or تَجِلِّ‎ or تَجْلِلْ‎ tajilla or tajilli or tajlil	يَجِلَّ‎ or يَجِلِّ‎ or يَجْلِلْ‎ yajilla or yajilli or yajlil		تَجِلَّا‎ tajillā	يَجِلَّا‎ yajillā		نَجِلَّ‎ or نَجِلِّ‎ or نَجْلِلْ‎ najilla or najilli or najlil	تَجِلُّوا‎ tajillū	يَجِلُّوا‎ yajillū
	f		تَجِلِّي‎ tajillī	تَجِلَّ‎ or تَجِلِّ‎ or تَجْلِلْ‎ tajilla or tajilli or tajlil			تَجِلَّا‎ tajillā			تَجْلِلْنَ‎ tajlilna	يَجْلِلْنَ‎ yajlilna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		جِلَّ or جِلِّ or اِجْلِلْ‎ jilla or jilli or ijlil			جِلَّا‎ jillā				جِلُّوا‎ jillū
	f		جِلِّي‎ jillī							اِجْلِلْنَ‎ ijlilna

Etymology 2

From Classical Persian گل‎ (gul).

Noun

جُلّ • (jull) m

1. (uncommon) jasmine, rose

Declension

Declension of noun جُلّ (jull)

Singular	basic singular triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	جُلّ jull	الْجُلّ‎ al-jull	جُلّ jull
Nominative	جُلٌّ jullun	الْجُلُّ‎ al-jullu	جُلُّ jullu
Accusative	جُلًّا‎ jullan	الْجُلَّ‎ al-julla	جُلَّ julla
Genitive	جُلٍّ jullin	الْجُلِّ‎ al-julli	جُلِّ julli

Etymology 3

Borrowed from Iranian. Compare Central Kurdish جِل‎ (cil, “beggar’s clothes”), Persian جل‎ (joll, “horse-covering, saddle-cloth”), Balti [script needed] (jol, “horse cover”), Yagnobi [script needed] (jul, “horse-cloth”), Gurani [script needed] (jal, jul, “cover, cloth”). Doublet of شَلَّاق‎ (šallāq), جُوَالَق‎ (juwālaq), and جُوَال‎ (juwāl).

Noun

جُلّ • (jull) m (plural أَجْلَال‎ (ʔajlāl) or جِلَال‎ (jilāl)) (regional)

1. horse-covering, saddlecloth
   • 1355, Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, Charles Defrémery & Beniamino Sanguinetti, editor, تحفة النظار في غرائب الأمصار وعجائب الأسفار [tuḥfat an-nuẓẓār fī ḡarāʾib al-ʾamṣār wa ʿajāʾib al-ʾasfār]‎, volume II, Paris: L'imprimerie impériale/nationale, published 1854, line 2 a fine, page 35:

     ‏وقد لبسوا التلاليس وجِلال الدوابّ وجعلوا فوق رءوسهم التراب والتبن.‎‎

     They were clothed in sacks and pelts of domestic beasts and had their heads covered with earth and straw.

Declension

Declension of noun جُلّ (jull)

Singular	basic singular triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	جُلّ jull	الْجُلّ‎ al-jull	جُلّ jull
Nominative	جُلٌّ jullun	الْجُلُّ‎ al-jullu	جُلُّ jullu
Accusative	جُلًّا‎ jullan	الْجُلَّ‎ al-julla	جُلَّ julla
Genitive	جُلٍّ jullin	الْجُلِّ‎ al-julli	جُلِّ julli
Dual	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	جُلَّيْن‎ jullayn	الْجُلَّيْن‎ al-jullayn	جُلَّيْ‎ jullay
Nominative	جُلَّانِ‎ jullāni	الْجُلَّانِ‎ al-jullāni	جُلَّا‎ jullā
Accusative	جُلَّيْنِ‎ jullayni	الْجُلَّيْنِ‎ al-jullayni	جُلَّيْ‎ jullay
Genitive	جُلَّيْنِ‎ jullayni	الْجُلَّيْنِ‎ al-jullayni	جُلَّيْ‎ jullay
Plural	basic broken plural triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	أَجْلَال‎‎; جِلَال‎ ʔajlāl‎; jilāl	الْأَجْلَال‎‎; الْجِلَال‎ al-ʔajlāl‎; al-jilāl	أَجْلَال‎‎; جِلَال‎ ʔajlāl‎; jilāl
Nominative	أَجْلَالٌ‎‎; جِلَالٌ‎ ʔajlālun‎; jilālun	الْأَجْلَالُ‎‎; الْجِلَالُ‎ al-ʔajlālu‎; al-jilālu	أَجْلَالُ‎‎; جِلَالُ‎ ʔajlālu‎; jilālu
Accusative	أَجْلَالًا‎‎; جِلَالًا‎ ʔajlālan‎; jilālan	الْأَجْلَالَ‎‎; الْجِلَالَ‎ al-ʔajlāla‎; al-jilāla	أَجْلَالَ‎‎; جِلَالَ‎ ʔajlāla‎; jilāla
Genitive	أَجْلَالٍ‎‎; جِلَالٍ‎ ʔajlālin‎; jilālin	الْأَجْلَالِ‎‎; الْجِلَالِ‎ al-ʔajlāli‎; al-jilāli	أَجْلَالِ‎‎; جِلَالِ‎ ʔajlāli‎; jilāli

References

• Rossi, Adriano Valerio (2011), “Ossetic and Balochi in V.I. Abaev’s SLOVAR'”, in Nartamongæ. The Journal of Alano-Ossetic Studies‎, volume 8, pages 251–255 (from 236)

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Persian

Etymology

Perhaps cognate to Sanskrit चोल (cola). Borrowed as Arabic جُلّ‎ (jull)

Noun

جل • (joll)

1. horse-covering, saddlecloth
2. veil (hung before a sanctuary)

Derived terms

• جُلبَک‎ (jolbak)
• آسمان‌جُل‎ (âsemân-jol)

Descendants

• → Ottoman Turkish: چول‎ (çul) (see there for further descendants)

References

• Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892), “جل”, in A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary, London: Routledge & K. Paul, page 367

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Urdu

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit जल (jala).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Urdu) IPA^(key): /d͡ʒəl/

Noun

جَل • (jal) m (Hindi spelling जल)

1. water
   • ناصر شہزاد (Nāsir Śahzād)

     ‏جل میں ٹھہرا ترا مرا چہرا
     کیسا دریا تھا وہ سبھا کیسی‎

     jal mẽ ṭhahrā tirā mirā cehrā
     kaisā dariyā thā voh sabhā kaisī

     (please add an English translation of this quote)

Synonyms

• پانی‎ (pānī)

References

• “جل”, in اُردُو لُغَت (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
• “جل”, in Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2023.