πλέω
Ancient Greek
Alternative forms
- πλώω (plṓō) – Ionic
Etymology
From Proto-Hellenic *pléwō, from Proto-Indo-European *plew-.
In the present and imperfect, the semivowel *ϝ is lost between vowels, but before a consonant is kept as υ, the second element of a diphthong. Cognate with English float.
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /plé.ɔː/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈple.o/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈple.o/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈple.o/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈple.o/
Verb
πλέω • (pléō)
- sail (in a boat)
- float
Conjugation
Present: πλέω, πλέομαι (Contracted only in -ει-)
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | πλέω | πλεῖς | πλεῖ | πλεῖτον | πλεῖτον | πλέομεν | πλεῖτε | πλέουσῐ(ν) | ||||
| subjunctive | πλέω | πλέῃς | πλέῃ | πλέητον | πλέητον | πλέωμεν | πλέητε | πλέωσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | πλέοιμῐ | πλέοις | πλέοι | πλέοιτον | πλεοίτην | πλέοιμεν | πλέοιτε | πλέοιεν | |||||
| imperative | πλεῖ | πλείτω | πλεῖτον | πλείτων | πλεῖτε | πλεόντων | |||||||
| middle/ passive | indicative | πλέομαι | πλέῃ, πλεῖ | πλεῖται | πλεῖσθον | πλεῖσθον | πλεόμεθᾰ | πλεῖσθε | πλέονται | ||||
| subjunctive | πλέωμαι | πλέῃ | πλέηται | πλέησθον | πλέησθον | πλεώμεθᾰ | πλέησθε | πλέωνται | |||||
| optative | πλεοίμην | πλέοιο | πλέοιτο | πλέοισθον | πλεοίσθην | πλεοίμεθᾰ | πλέοισθε | πλέοιντο | |||||
| imperative | πλέου | πλείσθω | πλεῖσθον | πλείσθων | πλεῖσθε | πλεέσθων | |||||||
| active | middle/passive | ||||||||||||
| infinitive | πλεῖν | πλεῖσθαι | |||||||||||
| participle | m | πλέων | πλεόμενος | ||||||||||
| f | πλέουσᾰ | πλεομένη | |||||||||||
| n | πλέον | πλεόμενον | |||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. | ||||||||||||
Present: πλέω, πλέομαι (Epic)
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | πλέω | πλέεις | πλέει | πλέετον | πλέετον | πλέομεν | πλέετε | πλέουσῐ(ν) | ||||
| subjunctive | πλέω, πλέωμῐ | πλέῃς, πλέῃσθᾰ | πλέῃ, πλέῃσῐ | πλέητον | πλέητον | πλέωμεν | πλέητε | πλέωσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | πλέοιμῐ | πλέοισ(θᾰ) | πλέοι | πλέοιτον | πλεοίτην | πλέοιμεν | πλέοιτε | πλέοιεν | |||||
| imperative | πλέε | πλεέτω | πλέετον | πλεέτων | πλέετε | πλεόντων | |||||||
| middle/ passive | indicative | πλέομαι | πλέεαι | πλέεται | πλέεσθον | πλέεσθον | πλεόμε(σ)θᾰ | πλέεσθε | πλέονται | ||||
| subjunctive | πλέωμαι, πλεώμαιμῐ | πλέηαι, πλέηαι | πλέηται, πλεήταισῐ | πλέησθον | πλέησθον | πλεώμε(σ)θᾰ | πλέησθε | πλέωνται | |||||
| optative | πλεοίμην | πλέοιο | πλέοιτο | πλέοισθον | πλεοίσθην | πλεοίμε(σ)θᾰ | πλέοισθε | πλεοίᾰτο | |||||
| imperative | πλέεο | πλεέσθω | πλέεσθον | πλεέσθων | πλέεσθε | πλεέσθων | |||||||
| active | middle/passive | ||||||||||||
| infinitive | πλέειν/πλεέμεν(αι)/πλέμεν(αι) | πλέεσθαι | |||||||||||
| participle | m | πλέων | πλεόμενος | ||||||||||
| f | πλέουσᾰ | πλεομένη | |||||||||||
| n | πλέον | πλεόμενον | |||||||||||
| Notes: | Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. | ||||||||||||
Imperfect: ἔπλεον, ἐπλεόμην (Contracted only in -ει-)
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἔπλεον | ἔπλεις | ἔπλει(ν) | ἐπλεῖτον | ἐπλείτην | ἐπλέομεν | ἐπλεῖτε | ἔπλεον | ||||
| middle/ passive | indicative | ἐπλεόμην | ἐπλέου | ἐπλεῖτο | ἐπλεῖσθον | ἐπλείσθην | ἐπλεόμεθᾰ | ἐπλεῖσθε | ἐπλέοντο | ||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. | ||||||||||||
Imperfect: πλέον, πλεόμην (Epic)
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | πλέον | πλέες | πλέε(ν) | πλέετον | πλεέτην | πλέομεν | πλέετε | πλέον | ||||
| middle/ passive | indicative | πλεόμην | πλέου | πλέετο | πλέεσθον | πλεέσθην | πλεόμε(σ)θᾰ | πλέεσθε | πλέοντο | ||||
| Notes: | Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. | ||||||||||||
Future: πλεύσομαι
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| middle | indicative | πλεύσομαι | πλεύσῃ, πλεύσει | πλεύσεται | πλεύσεσθον | πλεύσεσθον | πλευσόμεθᾰ | πλεύσεσθε | πλεύσονται | ||||
| optative | πλευσοίμην | πλεύσοιο | πλεύσοιτο | πλεύσοισθον | πλευσοίσθην | πλευσοίμεθᾰ | πλεύσοισθε | πλεύσοιντο | |||||
| middle | |||||||||||||
| infinitive | πλεύσεσθαι | ||||||||||||
| participle | m | πλευσόμενος | |||||||||||
| f | πλευσομένη | ||||||||||||
| n | πλευσόμενον | ||||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. | ||||||||||||
Future: πλευσοῦμαι (Doric, contracted)
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| middle | indicative | πλευσοῦμαι | πλευσῇ | πλευσεῖται | πλευσεῖσθον | πλευσεῖσθον | πλευσεόμεθᾰ | πλευσεῖσθε | πλευσέονται | ||||
| optative | πλευσεοίμην | πλευσέοιο | πλευσέοιτο | πλευσέοισθον | πλευσεοίσθην | πλευσεοίμεθᾰ | πλευσέοισθε | πλευσέοιντο | |||||
| middle | |||||||||||||
| infinitive | πλευσεῖσθαι | ||||||||||||
| participle | m | πλευσεόμενος | |||||||||||
| f | πλευσεομένη | ||||||||||||
| n | πλευσεόμενον | ||||||||||||
| Notes: | Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. | ||||||||||||
Aorist: ἔπλευσᾰ, ἐπλεύσθην
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἔπλευσᾰ | ἔπλευσᾰς | ἔπλευσε(ν) | ἐπλεύσᾰτον | ἐπλευσᾰ́την | ἐπλεύσᾰμεν | ἐπλεύσᾰτε | ἔπλευσᾰν | ||||
| subjunctive | πλεύσω | πλεύσῃς | πλεύσῃ | πλεύσητον | πλεύσητον | πλεύσωμεν | πλεύσητε | πλεύσωσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | πλεύσαιμῐ | πλεύσειᾰς, πλεύσαις | πλεύσειε(ν), πλεύσαι | πλεύσαιτον | πλευσαίτην | πλεύσαιμεν | πλεύσαιτε | πλεύσειᾰν, πλεύσαιεν | |||||
| imperative | πλεῦσον | πλευσᾰ́τω | πλεύσᾰτον | πλευσᾰ́των | πλεύσᾰτε | πλευσᾰ́ντων | |||||||
| passive | indicative | ἐπλεύσθην | ἐπλεύσθης | ἐπλεύσθη | ἐπλεύσθητον | ἐπλευσθήτην | ἐπλεύσθημεν | ἐπλεύσθητε | ἐπλεύσθησᾰν | ||||
| subjunctive | πλευσθῶ | πλευσθῇς | πλευσθῇ | πλευσθῆτον | πλευσθῆτον | πλευσθῶμεν | πλευσθῆτε | πλευσθῶσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | πλευσθείην | πλευσθείης | πλευσθείη | πλευσθεῖτον, πλευσθείητον | πλευσθείτην, πλευσθειήτην | πλευσθεῖμεν, πλευσθείημεν | πλευσθεῖτε, πλευσθείητε | πλευσθεῖεν, πλευσθείησᾰν | |||||
| imperative | πλεύσθητῐ | πλευσθήτω | πλεύσθητον | πλευσθήτων | πλεύσθητε | πλευσθέντων | |||||||
| active | passive | ||||||||||||
| infinitive | πλεῦσαι | πλευσθῆναι | |||||||||||
| participle | m | πλεύσᾱς | πλευσθείς | ||||||||||
| f | πλεύσᾱσᾰ | πλευσθεῖσᾰ | |||||||||||
| n | πλεῦσᾰν | πλευσθέν | |||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. | ||||||||||||
Perfect: πέπλευκᾰ, πέπλευσμαι
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | πέπλευκᾰ | πέπλευκᾰς | πέπλευκε(ν) | πεπλεύκᾰτον | πεπλεύκᾰτον | πεπλεύκᾰμεν | πεπλεύκᾰτε | πεπλεύκᾱσῐ(ν) | ||||
| subjunctive | πεπλεύκω | πεπλεύκῃς | πεπλεύκῃ | πεπλεύκητον | πεπλεύκητον | πεπλεύκωμεν | πεπλεύκητε | πεπλεύκωσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | πεπλεύκοιμῐ, πεπλευκοίην | πεπλεύκοις, πεπλευκοίης | πεπλεύκοι, πεπλευκοίη | πεπλεύκοιτον | πεπλευκοίτην | πεπλεύκοιμεν | πεπλεύκοιτε | πεπλεύκοιεν | |||||
| imperative | πέπλευκε | πεπλευκέτω | πεπλεύκετον | πεπλευκέτων | πεπλεύκετε | πεπλευκόντων | |||||||
| middle/ passive | indicative | πέπλευσμαι | πέπλευσαι | πέπλευσται | πέπλευσθον | πέπλευσθον | πεπλεύσμεθᾰ | πέπλευσθε | πεπλεύσᾰται | ||||
| subjunctive | πεπλευσμένος ὦ | πεπλευσμένος ᾖς | πεπλευσμένος ᾖ | πεπλευσμένω ἦτον | πεπλευσμένω ἦτον | πεπλευσμένοι ὦμεν | πεπλευσμένοι ἦτε | πεπλευσμένοι ὦσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | πεπλευσμένος εἴην | πεπλευσμένος εἴης | πεπλευσμένος εἴη | πεπλευσμένω εἴητον/εἶτον | πεπλευσμένω εἰήτην/εἴτην | πεπλευσμένοι εἴημεν/εἶμεν | πεπλευσμένοι εἴητε/εἶτε | πεπλευσμένοι εἴησᾰν/εἶεν | |||||
| imperative | πέπλευσο | πεπλεύσθω | πέπλευσθον | πεπλεύσθων | πέπλευσθε | πεπλεύσθων | |||||||
| active | middle/passive | ||||||||||||
| infinitive | πεπλευκέναι | πεπλεῦσθαι | |||||||||||
| participle | m | πεπλευκώς | πεπλευσμένος | ||||||||||
| f | πεπλευκυῖᾰ | πεπλευσμένη | |||||||||||
| n | πεπλευκός | πεπλευσμένον | |||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. | ||||||||||||
Derived terms
- οὐ παντός πλεῖν ἐς Κόρινθον (ou pantós pleîn es Kórinthon)
Compounds of the verb @perseus.tufts.edu e.g.
Examples of verb compounds
- ᾰ̓νᾰπλέω (anapléō, “sail upwards, go up-stream”)
- ᾰ̓ποπλέω (apopléō, “to set sail, to depart”)
- δῐᾰπλέω (diapléō, “sail through”)
- εἰσπλέω (eispléō, “sail into, enter”)
- ἐκπλέω (ekpléō, “sail out”)
- ἐπῐπλέω (epipléō, “sail upon”)
- κᾰτᾰπλέω (katapléō, “sail downstream; sail back”)
- πᾰρᾰπλέω (parapléō, “sail by”)
- περῐπλέω (peripléō, “sail round”)
- προσπλέω (prospléō, “sail towards”)
- συμπλέω (sumpléō, “sail in company with”)
- ὑποπλέω (hupopléō, “sail under”)
More than 200 related words for the grades:
Derived terms
*πλεϝ > -πλέω, -πλευσ-, -πλευμ-
- πλεῦσις f (pleûsis, “sailing”)
- πλεύμων m (pleúmōn, “the lungs”), πνεύμων (pneúmōn)
- πλευμονία m (pleumonía, “disease of the lungs”), πνευμονία (pneumonía)
*πλοϝ > -πλοο-, -πλοι-, -πλου-
- ἄπλοια f (áploia, “detention in port”)
- δυσπλοΐα f (dusploḯa, “difficulty of sailing”)
- πλοῖον n (ploîon, “ship”)
- πλόος m (plóos), contracted πλοῦς (ploûs, “sailing”)
- περῐ́πλους m (períplous, “circumnavigation”)
- πλοῦτος m (ploûtos, “wealth, riches”)
*πλωϝ > the Ionic -πλώω, -πλωτ-
- πλωτάρχης m (plōtárkhēs, “shipmaster”)
- πλωτήρ m (plōtḗr, “sailor, seaman”)
- πλωτικός (plōtikós, “skilled in seamanship, a seaman”)
- πλωτός (plōtós, “floating; navigable”)
- πλώω (plṓō, “Ionic of πλέω”)
*plϝ > πλυν-j-ω > πλύνω (plúnō, “wash”)
References
- “πλέω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “πλέω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “πλέω”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- πλέω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- πλέω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- “πλέω”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- G4126 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
Greek
Etymology
From Ancient Greek πλέω.
Compare Mariupol Greek плэ́ву (plévu).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈple.o/
- Hyphenation: πλέ‧ω
Verb
πλέω • (pléo) (past έπλευσα, passive —)
- sail (in a boat)
- float
- (figuratively) have something in abundance, in expressions like:
- πλέω σε πελάγη ευτυχίας ― pléo se pelági eftychías ― I sail in seas of happiness, I am happy
- πλέω στο χρήμα ― pléo sto chríma ― I sail in money, I am rich
- πλέω στο αίμα ― pléo sto aíma ― I sail in blood, I bleed heavily
- (figuratively) to be too large (of shoes, clothing, etc)
Conjugation
πλέω (active forms only)
| Active voice ➤ | ||||
| Indicative mood ➤ | Imperfective aspect ➤ | Perfective aspect ➤ | ||
| Non-past tenses ➤ | Present ➤ | Dependent ➤ | ||
| 1 sg | πλέω | πλεύσω | ||
| 2 sg | πλέεις | πλεύσεις | ||
| 3 sg | πλέει | πλεύσει | ||
| 1 pl | πλέουμε, [‑ομε] | πλεύσουμε, [‑ομε] | ||
| 2 pl | πλέετε | πλεύσετε | ||
| 3 pl | πλέουν(ε) | πλεύσουν(ε) | ||
| Past tenses ➤ | Imperfect ➤ | Simple past ➤ | ||
| 1 sg | έπλεα | έπλευσα | ||
| 2 sg | έπλεες | έπλευσες | ||
| 3 sg | έπλεε | έπλευσε | ||
| 1 pl | πλέαμε | πλεύσαμε | ||
| 2 pl | πλέατε | πλεύσατε | ||
| 3 pl | έπλεαν, πλέαν(ε) | έπλευσαν, πλεύσαν(ε) | ||
| Future tenses ➤ | Continuous ➤ | Simple ➤ | ||
| 1 sg | θα πλέω ➤ | θα πλεύσω ➤ | ||
| 2,3 sg, 1,2,3 pl | θα πλέεις, … | θα πλεύσεις, … | ||
| Perfect aspect ➤ | ||||
| Present perfect ➤ | έχω, έχεις, … πλεύσει | |||
| Past perfect ➤ | είχα, είχες, … πλεύσει | |||
| Future perfect ➤ | θα έχω, θα έχεις, … πλεύσει | |||
| Subjunctive mood ➤ | Formed using present, dependent (for simple past) or present perfect from above with a particle (να, ας). | |||
| Imperative mood ➤ | Imperfective aspect | Perfective aspect | ||
| 2 sg | πλέε | πλεύσε | ||
| 2 pl | πλέετε | πλεύστε | ||
| Other forms | ||||
| Active present participle ➤ | πλέοντας ➤ | |||
| Active perfect participle ➤ | έχοντας πλεύσει ➤ | |||
| Passive perfect participle ➤ | — | |||
| Nonfinite form ➤ | πλεύσει | |||
| Notes Appendix:Greek verbs | • (…) optional or informal. […] rare. {…} learned, archaic. • Multiple forms are shown in order of reducing frequency. • Periphrastic imperative forms may be produced using the subjunctive. | |||
Related terms
And see their derivatives:
Compounds of the verb
- αναπλέω (anapléo, “sail up river, sail out to sea”)
- αποπλέω (apopléo, “to set sail, to depart”)
- διαπλέω (diapléo, “sail across”)
- εισπλέω (eispléo, “sail in, arrive”)
- εκπλέω (ekpléo, “sail out, depart”)
- επιπλέω (epipléo, “float”)
- καταπλέω (katapléo, “sail to port”)
- παραπλέω (parapléo, “sail along”)
- περιπλέω (peripléo, “sail around”)
- συμπλέω (sympléo, “sail together; agree”)
Related words (with compounds and derivatives)
- άπλοια f (áploia, “detention of ships at port”)
- πλεύση f (pléfsi, “sailing, sailing route”)
- αδιάπλευστος (adiáplefstos, “unnavigable”)
- πλεύσιμος (pléfsimos, “navigable”)
- πλευστός (plefstós, “navigable”)
- πλεούμενο n (pleoúmeno, “floating vessel, boat, ship”)
- πλοηγός (ploïgós, “navigator”)
- πλοήγηση (ploḯgisi, “navigation”)
- πλοηγώ (ploïgó, “navigate”)
- πλοίαρχος (ploíarchos, “captain of ship”)
- πλόιμος (plóimos, “navigable”)
- πλοίο n (ploío, “ship”)
- -πλοιο n, tr- f (tr-), -πλοϊκός (adjective)
- πλους m (plous, “sail, sailing”)
- ἐν πλῷ (ἐn plῷ, “while sailing”) (formal, archaic)
- πλωτάρχης m (plotárchis)
- πλωτός (plotós, “navigable”)
Further reading
- πλέω - Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], 1998, by the "Triantafyllidis" Foundation.