se
Translingual
Symbol
se
- (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Northern Sami.
English
Etymology
From Mandarin 瑟 (sè).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /sɛ/
- Rhymes: -ɛ
Noun
se (plural ses)
- (music) A type of ancient Chinese plucked zither.
Translations
Anagrams
- 'e's, -es, E's, ES, Es, E♭s, E♯s, e's, es, es-
Abinomn
Noun
se
- cloud
Afrikaans
Alternative forms
- s'n (used without a following noun)
- syn (obsolete)
Etymology
From Dutch zijn, z'n (“his, its”). An Afrikaans innovation is the use of se regardless of the number or gender of the possessor, which may be due to a merger with the Dutch genitive suffix -s as well as, perhaps, the adjective suffix -s, -sch.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /sə/
Audio (file)
Particle
se
- follows a noun to indicate that this noun possesses that which follows, much like English 's
- Dis my ouma se huis. — This is my grandmother’s house.
See also
- van
Albanian
Etymology
From Proto-Albanian *tśe(i), *tśi from Proto-Indo-European *kʷe-, *kʷ(e)i- (“how, what”). Interrogative and relative pronoun, especially in connection with a preposition.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /sɛ/
Conjunction
se
- that, as, when
- Më duket se ke nevojë për disa shokë të rinj. — It seems to me that you need some new friends.
- Im vëlla më tha se don të bisedojë me ty rreth librit të ri. — My brother told me that he wants to talk to you about the new book.
Related terms
- si
- sa
Bavarian
Alternative forms
- 's (unstressed form)
Etymology
Cognate with German sie.
Pronoun
se
- she, her (accusative)
- they, them
Synonyms
- de
See also
nominative | accusative | dative | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
stressed | unstressed | stressed | unstressed | stressed | unstressed | ||
1st person singular | i | — | mi | — | mia (mir) | ma | |
2nd person singular (informal) | du | — | di | — | dia (dir) | da | |
2nd person singular (formal) | Sie | — | Eahna | — | Eahna | — | |
3rd person singular | m | er | a | eahm | 'n | eahm | 'n |
n | es, des | 's | des | 's | |||
f | se, de | 's | se | 's | ihr | — | |
1st person plural | mia (mir) | ma | uns | — | uns | — | |
2nd person plural | eß, ihr | — | enk, eich | — | enk, eich | — | |
3rd person plural | se | 's | eahna | — | eahna | — |
Bonan
Etymology
From Proto-Mongolic *usun.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /sə/
Noun
se
- water
References
- Üjiyediin Chuluu (Chaolu Wu), Introduction, Grammar, and Sample Sentences for Baoan, SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS (Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA), November 1994
- Henry G. Schwarz, The Minorities of Northern China: A Survey (1984), page 140: 'water' Daur os
Breton
Pronoun
se
- that, this
- Petra eo se? — What's that?
Catalan
Etymology
From Latin sē.
Pronoun
se (enclitic, contracted 's, proclitic es, contracted proclitic s')
- himself, herself, itself (direct or indirect object)
- oneself (direct or indirect object)
- themselves (direct or indirect object)
- each other (direct or indirect object)
Usage notes
- -se is the full (plena) form of the pronoun. It is normally used after verbs ending with a consonant or ⟨u⟩, or between some adverbs/pronouns and a verb. In some varieties of Catalan (Balearic/Valencian) it can also occur in sentence-initial position.
- The use of se and other direct personal pronouns can indicate the passive in Catalan.
Declension
strong/subject | weak (direct object) | weak (indirect object) | possessive | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | proclitic | enclitic | proclitic | enclitic | ||||
1st person | jo, mi3 | em, m’ | -me, ’m | em, m’ | -me, ’m | meu | ||
1st person majestic1 | nós | ens | -nos, ’ns | ens | -nos, ’ns | nostre | ||
2nd person | tu | et, t’ | -te, ’t | et, t’ | -te, ’t | teu | ||
2nd person formal1 | vós | us | -vos, -us | us | -vos, -us | vostre | ||
2nd person very formal2 | vostè | el, l’ | -lo, ’l | li | -li | seu | ||
3rd person masculine | ell | el, l’ | -lo, ’l | li | -li | seu | ||
3rd person feminine | ella | la, l’4 | -la | li | -li | seu | ||
3rd person neuter | ho | -ho | li | -li | seu | |||
3rd person reflexive | si | es, s’ | -se, ’s | es, s’ | -se, ’s | seu | ||
plural | ||||||||
1st person | nosaltres | ens | -nos, ’ns | ens | -nos, ’ns | nostre | ||
2nd person | vosaltres | us | -vos, -us | us | -vos, -us | vostre | ||
2nd person formal2 | vostès | els | -los, ’ls | els | -los, ’ls | seu | ||
3rd person masculine | ells | els | -los, ’ls | els | -los, ’ls | seu | ||
3rd person feminine | elles | les | -les | els | -los, ’ls | seu | ||
3rd person reflexive | si | es, s’ | -se, ’s | es, s’ | -se, ’s | seu | ||
adverbial | ||||||||
ablative/genitive | en, n’ | -ne, ’n | ||||||
locative | hi | -hi | ||||||
1) Behaves grammatically as plural. 2) Behaves grammatically as third person. | 3) Only as object of a preposition. 4) Not before unstressed (h)i-, (h)u-. |
Central Huasteca Nahuatl
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [se]
Numeral
se
- one (number).
Central Nahuatl
Numeral
se
- one.
Cimbrian
Alternative forms
- ze (Sette Comuni)
Etymology
From Middle High German si(e) (“they”), merged from Old High German sie m pl, sio f pl, siu n pl, from Proto-Germanic *īz m, *ijôz f, *ijō n, the nominative plural forms of *iz. Cognate with German sie, Dutch zij.
Pronoun
se
- (Luserna) they
Inflection
Personal pronouns | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
1st person | i | biar |
2nd person | du | iar |
3rd person | er, si, 'z | se |
References
- “se” in Cimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.
Coatepec Nahuatl
Numeral
se
- one.
Czech
Etymology
From Old Czech sě, from Proto-Slavic *sę, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *sen, from Proto-Indo-European *swé.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈsɛ]
audio (file)
Pronoun
se (reflexive pronoun)
- (accusative) oneself (clitic form of reflexive pronoun sebe)
- myself
- yourself
- himself
- herself
- itself
- ourselves
- yourselves
- themselves
Declension
singular | |
---|---|
nominative | — |
genitive | sebe |
dative | sobě, si |
accusative | sebe, se |
vocative | — |
locative | sobě |
instrumental | sebou |
Synonyms
- sebe
Related terms
singular | plural | ||
---|---|---|---|
1st person | já | my | |
2nd person | familiar | ty | vy |
polite | vy | ||
3rd person | m | on | oni |
f | ona | ony | |
n | ono | ona | |
reflexive | sebe, se (clitic) |
- si
Preposition
se (also s)
- with
Further reading
- se in Příruční slovník jazyka českého, 1935–1957
- se in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého, 1960–1971, 1989
- se in Internetová jazyková příručka
Dalmatian
Etymology
From Latin sē.
Pronoun
se
- (reflexive) oneself
Danish
Etymology
From Old Danish se, from Old Norse (East) *sēa, (Old Norse (West) sjá), from Proto-Germanic *sehwaną, cognate with English see, German sehen, from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to see, notice”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈseˀ]
- Rhymes: -eːˀ
Verb
se (imperative se, infinitive at se, present tense ser, past tense så, perfect tense har set)
- to see
- (reciprocal passive) to see each other
Conjugation
present | past | |
---|---|---|
simple | ser | så |
perfect | har set | havde set |
passive | ses | sås |
participle | seende | set |
imperative | se | — |
infinitive | se | — |
auxiliary verb | have | — |
gerund | seen | — |
reciprocal
present | past | |
---|---|---|
simple | ses | sås |
perfect | har sets or setes | havde sets or setes |
passive | — | — |
participle | - | sets or setes |
imperative | - | — |
infinitive | ses | — |
auxiliary verb | have | — |
gerund | — | — |
Dimasa
Numeral
sé
- one
Esperanto
Etymology
Borrowed from Italian se, influenced by French si and Latin sī.
Pronunciation
Audio (file)
- IPA(key): [se]
- Hyphenation: se
Conjunction
se
- if
Ewe
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /sɛ/
Noun
se (plural sewo)
- law
Fala
Alternative forms
- si
Etymology
From Old Portuguese se, sse, from Latin sē.
Pronoun
se
- Used for passive constructions with transitive verbs and undetermined agent; one
- 2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Theme II, Chapter 2: Recunquista:
- Non poemos analizar con pormenoris estis siglos, pero tampoco se debi toleral que, sin fundamentus, se poña en duda algo que a Historia documentá nos lega sobre nossa terra.
- We can’t thoroughly analyse these centuries, but one mustn’t tolerate that, unfoundedly, something documented history tells us about our land be questioned [by someone].
-
- Reflexive and reciprocal pronoun: oneself, himself, herself, itself, themselves, yourself; each other, one another
- 2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Anexu: A Porcá:
- Cumían algu de herba por camiñus, se bañaban i os devulvían a casa por as tardis.
- They ate some pasture along the way, bathed themselves and were returned to their home in the afternoon.
-
Usage notes
- Takes the form -si when suffixed to an impersonal verb form.
See also
nominative | dative | accusative | disjunctive | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first person | singular | ei | me, -mi | mi | ||
plural | common | nos | musL nusLV nos, -nusM | nos | ||
masculine | noshotrusM | noshotrusM | ||||
feminine | noshotrasM | noshotrasM | ||||
second person | singular | tú | te, -ti | ti | ||
plural | common | vos | vusLV vos, -vusM | vos | ||
masculine | voshotrusM | voshotrusM | ||||
feminine | voshotrasM | voshotrasM | ||||
third person | singular | masculine | el | le, -li | uLV, oM | el |
feminine | ela | a | ela | |||
plural | masculine | elis | usLV, osM | elis | ||
feminine | elas | as | elas | |||
reflexive | — | se, -si | sí |
References
- Valeš, Miroslav (2021) Diccionariu de A Fala: lagarteiru, mañegu, valverdeñu [Fala Dictionary], CIDLeS, →ISBN, page 255
Faroese
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /seː/
Noun
se n (genitive singular ses, plural se)
- The name of the Latin-script letter C/c.
Declension
Declension of se | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
n4 | singular | plural | ||
indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | |
nominative | se | seið | se | seini |
accusative | se | seið | se | seini |
dative | se, sei | senum | seum | seunum |
genitive | ses | sesins | sea | seanna |
Fijian
Noun
se
- flower
- gills
Finnish
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *se, from Proto-Uralic *śe. For plural forms, see etymology of ne.
The variation in stems (se-, si-, sii-) dates back to at least Late Proto-Finnic. The oblique stem si-, seen in most inflected forms, is also found in other Finnic languages, such as the following cognates of the partitive singular sitä: Karelian sitä, Livvi sittäh, Veps sidä, Votic sitä. This is possibly a remnant of the original expected form **si (due to final e > i) which was reversed in some forms, possibly as influence from the plural ne.
The stem sii- seen in internal locative case forms may have been generalized from the plural forms as a means to distinguish from partitive/essive sitä, sinä; expected internal locative cases *sissä, *sistä may have been avoided as a dissimilation. Compare Veps siš (inessive singular of se).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈse/, [ˈs̠e̞]
- Rhymes: -e
- Syllabification(key): se
Pronoun
se (stems se-, si- and sii-)
- (demonstrative) it
- (demonstrative) that (when the speaker does not point at the thing, either physically or mentally)
- (colloquial or dialectal) he, she, one, (singular) they (the pronoun does not determine the sex/gender of the person)
- (colloquial) the (as a definite article; see the usage notes below)
Usage notes
- Due to the influence of Germanic languages, and nowadays especially to that of English, se may often be used as a kind of definite article in colloquial Finnish, though in standard Finnish, where word order expresses whether something is definite or indefinite, this colloquial usage is ungrammatical. (Compare the usage of yksi.)
- (standard) Mies tuli luokseni. → (colloquial) Se mies tuli mun luokse.
- The man came to me.
- (standard) Luokseni tuli mies. → (colloquial) Yks mies tuli mun luokse.
- A man came to me.
Determiner
se
- that (not pointed at by the speaker)
Inflection
Irregular.
Declension of se
|
Synonyms
- (he or she): hän
- see (rare, dialectal (Southwestern Finnish))
Derived terms
- See se/derived terms § Finnish.
Descendants
- Kven: se
See also
proximal | medial | distal | |
---|---|---|---|
singular | tämä | tuo | se |
plural | nämä | nuo | ne |
Anagrams
- es
French
Etymology
From Middle French se, from Old French se, from Latin sē. See also soi.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /sə/
audio (file) - Rhymes: -ə
- Homophone: ce
Pronoun
se m or f (pre-vocalic s')
- The third-person reflexive and reciprocal direct and indirect object pronoun.
- (to) himself
- (to) herself
- (to) oneself
- (to) itself
- (to) themselves
- (to) each other
- (Louisiana) The second-person plural reflexive and reciprocal direct and indirect object pronoun.
- Je suis partie à la chasse et faut vous autres se comportes bien. ― I'm going hunting and y'all need to behave yourselves.
Usage notes
- Se becomes s' before a vowel or unaspirated h, and sometimes, in nonstandard writing, in other cases where the e would be silent, e.g. in lyrics.
- Se is often used with an actual subject, but it is also very often used with an abstract subject:
- Il est normal de se parler. — It is normal to talk to oneself.
Derived terms
- s'en aller
Related terms
See Template:French personal pronouns for other pronouns.
See also
- The other reflexive and reciprocal direct and indirect object pronouns: me, m', te, t', nous, vous.
- The third-person reflexive and reciprocal disjunctive pronoun: soi.
Further reading
- “se”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Anagrams
- es, ès
Galician
Etymology 1
From Old Galician and Old Portuguese se (13th century, Cantigas de Santa Maria), from Latin sī.
Conjunction
se
- if
Etymology 2
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Alternative forms
- xe
Pronoun
se
- accusative/dative of si
- The third-person reflexive pronoun.
- (to) himself
- (to) herself
- (to) oneself
- (to) itself
- (to) themselves
- (to) each other
References
- “se” in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval, SLI - ILGA 2006–2022.
- “se” in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega, SLI - ILGA 2006–2013.
- “se” in Álvarez, Rosario (coord.): Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués, Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega.
Garo
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Noun
se
- husband
German Low German
Alternative forms
- sei
Etymology
From Middle Low German sê, variously from Old Saxon sia and Old Saxon siu, ultimately developed from forms of Proto-Germanic *hiz and possibly influenced by Proto-Germanic *sa.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /zeː/, /seː/, /zɛɪ/, /sɛɪ/
Pronoun
se
- she
- Se is Anke. — She is Anke (Annie).
Pronoun
se
- they
- Se kaamt ut Bremen. — They come from Bremen.
- 1861, G. Ungt, Twee Geschichten in Mönstersk Platt. Ollmanns Jans in de Friümde un Ollmanns Jans up de Reise, page 163:
- Dao gävven5 sick de Beiden dann auk an, datt se wier by ähr keimen.6
- 5 gaben – gaben sich an – strengten sich an. 6 zu ihnen kamen.
- Dao gävven5 sick de Beiden dann auk an, datt se wier by ähr keimen.6
See also
- dative and possessive of se: ehr, eer, er, är, ähr
Gun
Etymology
From Proto-Gbe *se (“to hear”). Cognates include Fon sè (“to understand, hear, feel”), Saxwe Gbe sè (“to hear”), Adja sè (“to understand, hear, feel, respond”), Ewe se (“to hear”)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /sè/
Verb
sè
- to hear, to listen
- to understand
Derived terms
- sètónú (“to obey”)
Haitian Creole
Etymology
From French c'est (“it is”).
Verb
se
- to be
- that is (compare French c'est)
- it is (compare French c'est)
Usage notes
- Use ye at the end of a clause.
- This word does not appear when the predicate is an adjective or prepositional phrase, except when the preposition in the prepositional phrase is pou (“for”) or tankou (“like”).
References
Hungarian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈʃɛ]
Audio (file) - Rhymes: -ʃɛ
Conjunction
se (clitic)
- Alternative form of sem.
Derived terms
- See se/derived terms § Hungarian.
See also
- se-
Further reading
- (not … either, not even): se in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh: A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (’The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962.
- ([folksy, informal] alternative form of sem): se, redirecting to sem in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh: A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (’The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962.
Ido
Etymology
From Esperanto se.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /se/, /sɛ/
Conjunction
se
- if
- La klerko komencus laborar se ilu povus. — The clerk would begin to work if he could.
- Se me povus, me komprus altra domo. — If I could, I would buy another house.
Noun
se (plural se-i)
- The name of the Latin script letter S/s.
See also
- (Latin script letter names) litero; a, be, ce, che, de, e, fe, ge, he, i, je, ke, le, me, ne, o, pe, que, re, se, she, te, u, ve, we, xe, ye, ze (Category: io:Latin letter names)
Ingrian
Alternative forms
- see (dialectal)
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *se. Cognates include Finnish se and Estonian see.
Pronunciation
- (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /ˈse/, [ˈs̠e̞]
- (Soikkola) IPA(key): /ˈse/, [ˈʃe̞]
- Rhymes: -e
- Hyphenation: se
Pronoun
se
- this, that (not bound to a specific location)
- 1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 63:
- Linnuille höö siihe kagraa siputtiit.
- They sprinkled oats onto it for the birds.
- 1936, L. G. Terehova; V. G. Erdeli, Mihailov and P. I. Maksimov, transl., Geografia: oppikirja iƶoroin alkușkoulun kolmatta klaassaa vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-Pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 7:
- Inmihiset panniit merkille i sen, etti kaik predmetat päivääl, päivytpaiston aikanna, viskajaat kupahaiset.
- People noticed this as well, that all objects during the day, being a sunny time, cast shadows.
-
- (dialectal) that (distal)
- 2008, “Läkkäämmä omal viisii [We're speaking [our] own way]”, in Inkeri, volume 4, number 69, St. Petersburg, page 12:
- Tämä on Logoven kylä, a se ono Reppoilan kylä.
- This is the village Logovi, and that is the village Reppoila.
-
Determiner
se
- this, that (not bound to a specific location)
- 1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 40:
- Peen tulo saatii siint pellost.
- A small income was received from this field.
-
- (dialectal) that (distal)
Usage notes
- Although Junus (1936; p. 99) describes sen as the accusative and senen as the genitive, in practice, sen is often used as a short form of the genitive as well.
- In the Soikkola dialect, the functions of too (“that”) have merged into se.
Declension
Declension of se | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | se | neet |
genitive | senen | niijen |
accusative | sen | neet |
partitive | sitä | niitä |
illative | siihe | niihe |
inessive | siin | niis |
elative | siint, siitä | niist |
allative | sille | niille |
adessive | sil | niil |
ablative | silt | niilt |
translative | siks | niiks |
essive | senennä | niinnä |
Derived terms
- sellain
- siint
- siis
- siks
- sikälitse
- sikäläin
- silloin
See also
Ingrian demonstratives | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
proximal | neutral | distal | |||||
singular | tämä (tää) | se | too | ||||
plural | nämät (näät) | neet | noo | ||||
References
- V. I. Junus (1936) Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 99
- Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 514
- Olga I. Konkova; Nikita A. Dyachkov (2014) Inkeroin Keel: Пособие по Ижорскому Языку, →ISBN, pages 13-14
Interlingua
Pronoun
se (third person)
- Reflexive: oneself, himself, herself, itself, themselves.
- Illa se videva in le speculo. ― She saw herself in the mirror.
- Reciprocal: each other, one another.
- Quando illes se cognosceva? ― When did they meet (each other)?
- Used for passive constructions with undetermined agent (translated by "one").
- De mi casa se vide le mar. ― From my house the sea is seen.(Literally, “...the sea sees itself.”)
- Hence, used for expressions of the type "to get/become ...-ed".
- espaventar — “to frighten”; espaventar se = "to get frightened" (lit., "to frighten oneself")
Usage notes
- (reflexive, reciprocal, oneself, himself, herself, itself, themselves, each other, one another): Many verbs bear a reflexive pronoun by default. Se must be replaced by me, te, etc., according to the subject.
- infiltrar se — “to infiltrate”
- repentir se — “to repent”
Istriot
Etymology
From Latin sī.
Conjunction
se
- if
- 1877, Antonio Ive, Canti popolari istriani: raccolti a Rovigno, volume 5, Ermanno Loescher, page 99:
- Biela, se ti vedissi li galiere
- Beautiful one, if you saw the galleys
- Biela, se ti vedissi li galiere
- 1877, Antonio Ive, Canti popolari istriani: raccolti a Rovigno, volume 5, Ermanno Loescher, page 99:
Italian
Etymology 1
From Latin sī.[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /se/**
- Rhymes: -e
- Hyphenation: se
Conjunction
se
- if
- Se non è vero, è ben trovato.
- If it is not true, it is a good story.
- whether
- if only
Derived terms
- See se/derived terms § Italian.
Etymology 2
From Latin sē.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /se/°
- Rhymes: -e
- Hyphenation: se
Pronoun
se
- Alternative form of si
Usage notes
- Used when followed by a third-person direct object clitic (lo, la, li, le, or ne).
See also
Number | Person | Gender | Nominative | Reflexive | Accusative | Dative | Conjunctive | Disjunctive | Locative | Partitive |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | first | — | io | mi, m', -mi | me | me | — | |||
second | — | tu | ti, t', -ti | te | te | |||||
third | m | lui | si2, s', -si | lo, l', -lo | gli, -gli | glie, se2 | lui, sé | ci, c', vi, v' (formal) | ne, n' | |
f | lei, Lei1 | la, La1, l', L'1, -la, -La1 | le3, Le1, -le3, -Le1 | lei, Lei1, sé | ||||||
Plural | first | — | noi | ci, c', -ci | ce | noi | — | |||
second | — | voi, Voi4 | vi, Vi4, v', V'4, -vi, -Vi4 | ve | voi, Voi4 | |||||
third | m | loro, Loro1 | si, s', -si | li, Li1, -li, -Li1 | gli, -gli, loro (formal), Loro1 | glie, se | loro, Loro1, sé | ci, c', vi, v' (formal) | ne, n' | |
f | le, Le1, -le, -Le1 | |||||||||
1 | Third person pronominal forms used as formal terms of address to refer to second person subjects (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead. | |||||||||
2 | Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive. | |||||||||
3 | Often replaced by gli, -gli in informal language. | |||||||||
4 | Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with French vous). |
Etymology 3
From Latin sīc.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /se/*
- Rhymes: -e
- Hyphenation: se
Adverb
se
- (archaic) Alternative form of così
Conjunction
se
- (archaic) Alternative form of così: if (only); even if
- se Dio ti lasci, lettor, prender frutto / di tua lezione ― even if God leaves you, reader, take fruit of your lesson
Usage notes
- Used to express a conditional with the implicit hope on the part of the speaker that something does or does not happen. Always followed by the subjunctive.
References
- Angelo Prati, "Vocabolario Etimologico Italiano", Torino, 1951
Further reading
- se in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)
Japanese
Romanization
se
- Rōmaji transcription of せ
- Rōmaji transcription of セ
Kalasha
Etymology
From Sanskrit स (sa), सा (sā), from Proto-Indo-European *só.
Pronoun
se
- he/she/it (absent from speaker) (3rd-person personal pronoun)
Coordinate terms
- áya
See also
singular | plural | ||
---|---|---|---|
1st person | a / آ | ábi / آبی | |
2nd person | tu / تُو | ábi / آبی | |
3rd person (near) | ía / اِیا | émi / ایمی | |
3rd person (far) | ása / آسا | éḷi / ایࣇی | |
3rd person (absent) | se / سے | te / تے |
Karelian
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *se, from Proto-Uralic *śe. Cognates include Finnish se and Estonian see.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈse/
Determiner
se
- this, that
Pronoun
se
- this, that
- it (inanimate)
Declension
Declension of se
|
See also
proximal | medial | distal | |
---|---|---|---|
singular | tämä | se | tuo |
plural | nämä | ne | nuo |
Karelian personal pronouns | |||
---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | |
singular | mie | šie | hiän |
plural | myö | työ | hyö |
References
- P. M. Zaykov (1999) Грамматика Карельского языка (фонетика и морфология) [Grammar of the Karelian language (phonetics and morphology)], →ISBN, page 58
Kven
Etymology
From Finnish se, from Proto-Finnic *se, from Proto-Uralic *śe.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈse/
Determiner
se
- this, that
Pronoun
se
- this, that
- he, she, it
Declension
Declension of se
|
Synonyms
- (he, she): hän
See also
proximal | neutral | distal | |
---|---|---|---|
singular | tämä | se | tuo |
plural | nämät | net | nuot |
first | second | third anim | third anim or inan | |
---|---|---|---|---|
singular | mie | sie | hän | se |
plural | met | tet | het | net |
References
- Eira Söderholm (2017) Kvensk grammatikk, Tromsø: Cappelen Damm Akademisk, →ISBN, page 278
Ladin
Etymology
From Latin sē.
Pronoun
se
- (indefinite) one, you, we, they, people. Note: often translated using the passive voice in English.
- (reflexive) oneself, himself, herself, itself, themselves; (reciprocal) each other, one another. Note: With some verbs, si is not translated in English.
Lashi
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /se/, [sɛʔ]
Verb
se
- to know
- to be able to
References
- Hkaw Luk (2017) A grammatical sketch of Lacid, Chiang Mai: Payap University (master thesis)
Latin
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *swé (reflexive pronoun).
Pronunciation
- (Classical) IPA(key): /seː/, [s̠eː]
- (Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /se/, [sɛː]
Audio (Classical) (file)
Pronoun
sē (accusative and ablative, no nominative)
- (reflexive) the accusative of the third-person singular and plural reflexive pronoun: oneself, himself, herself, itself, themselves
- Vōcālis est littera quae per sē syllabam facere potest. ― A vowel is a letter that can form a syllable by itself.
- Quīntus quōmodo sē habet hodiē? ― How's Quintus doing today? (literally, “is holding himself”)
- In mare sē praecipitāvit. ― He drowned himself in the ocean.
- (reflexive) the ablative of the third-person singular and plural reflexive pronoun
Usage notes
- sēsē is very common as the emphatic form of the accusative pronoun, especially in reference to a preceding ipse, or at the beginning or the end of a clause.
Declension
Number | Person | Gender | Nominative | Genitive | Dative | Accusative | Ablative | Possessive |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | First | — | ego | meī | mihi | mē | meus, -a, -um | |
Second | — | tū | tuī | tibi | tē | tuus, -a, -um | ||
Reflexive third | — | — | suī | sibi | sē, sēsē | suus, -a, -um | ||
Third | Masculine | is | eius | eī | eum | eō | eius | |
Feminine | ea | eam | eā | |||||
Neuter | id | id | eō | |||||
Plural | First | — | nōs | nostrī, nostrum | nōbīs | nōs | nōbīs | noster, -tra, -trum |
Second | — | vōs | vestrī, vestrum | vōbīs | vōs | vōbīs | vester, -tra, -trum | |
Reflexive third | — | — | suī | sibi | sē, sēsē | suus, -a, -um | ||
Third | Masculine | eī, iī | eōrum | eīs | eōs | eīs | eōrum | |
Feminine | eae | eārum | eās | eārum | ||||
Neuter | ea | eōrum | ea | eōrum |
Derived terms
- See se/derived terms § Latin.
Descendants
- See se/derived terms § Latin.
Ligurian
Etymology
From Late Latin se(d), from Latin sī (“if”) + quid (“what”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /se/
Conjunction
se
- if
Livonian
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *se, from Proto-Uralic *śe. Cognates include Finnish se and Estonian see.
Pronoun
se
- that
- he
Declension
singular (ikšlug) | plural (pǟgiņlug) | |
---|---|---|
nominative (nominatīv) | se | ne |
genitive (genitīv) | sīe | nänt |
partitive (partitīv) | siedā | nēḑi |
dative (datīv) | sīen | näntõn |
instrumental (instrumentāl) | sīekõks | näntkõks |
illative (illatīv) | sīezõ | nēži |
inessive (inesīv) | sīesõ | nēši |
elative (elatīv) | sīestõ | nēšti |
Lower Sorbian
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *sę.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [sɛ]
Pronoun
se
- myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves, oneself
- each other, one another
- used to form passives
Derived terms
- se wě
References
- Starosta, Manfred (1999), “se”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag
Luxembourgish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /zə/
Pronoun
se
- unstressed form of si
Declension
See Template:lb-decl-personal pronouns for declension.
Malay
< 0 | 1 | 2 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : se | ||
Alternative forms
- See se/derived terms § Malay.
Etymology
Shortened form of esa, from Proto-Malayic *əsa.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /sə/
- Rhymes: -sə, -ə
Numeral
se (Jawi spelling س)
- one
Synonyms
- See se/derived terms § Malay.
Derived terms
- See se/derived terms § Malay.
Maltese
Alternative forms
- ser
Etymology
Sometimes thought to have been inherited from Arabic سَ (sa), from سَوْفَ (sawfa). However, it is more likely that the similarity is entirely coincidental and that Maltese se(r) is merely a shortened form of sejjer.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /sɛ/
Particle
se
- Indicates a future tense.
Mandarin
Romanization
se
- Nonstandard spelling of sè.
Usage notes
- English transcriptions of Mandarin speech often fail to distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without the appropriate indication of tone.
Middle Dutch
Pronoun
se
- accusative of si (“they”)
Middle English
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /sɛː/, /seː/
Etymology 1
From Old English swē, swǣ, variants of swā (“so”). More at so.
Adverb
se
- so
Noun
se
- Alternative form of see (“sea”)
Noun
se
- Alternative form of see (“see”)
Pronoun
se
- Alternative form of sche
Middle French
Etymology
From Old French se, from Latin sē.
Pronoun
se
- The third-person reflexive and reciprocal direct object pronoun.
- himself
- herself
- oneself
- itself
- themselves
- each other
- The third-person reflexive and reciprocal indirect object pronoun.
- to himself
- to herself
- to oneself
- to itself
- to themselves
- to each other
- ils se donnerent bataille ― they gave each other battle (they gave battle to each other)
Usage notes
- Whether to translate as himself, herself, oneself, itself, themselves or each other depends on the gender (male, female or none) and number (singular or plural).
- Usually becomes s' before a vowel. In older manuscripts, it becomes s- with no apostrophe.
Descendants
- French: se
Middle Low German
Alternative forms
- su, sia
Etymology
Variously from Old Saxon sia and Old Saxon siu, ultimately developed from forms of Proto-Germanic *hiz and possibly influenced by Proto-Germanic *sa.
Pronunciation
- Stem vowel: ê⁴
- (originally) IPA(key): /seː/
Pronoun
sê
- (third person singular female nominative) she
- her (accusative of sê)
- (third person plural nominative) they
- them (accusative of sê)
Declension
See Template:gml-perpron for declension.
Descendants
- See se/derived terms § Middle Low German.
Neapolitan
Etymology
From Latin sē.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /sə/
- Rhymes: -e
Pronoun
se
- reflexive third person pronoun: oneself, himself, itself, herself, themselves etc.
Nheengatu
Etymology
From Old Tupi xe. Cognate with Guaraní che.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [se]
- Hyphenation: se
- Rhymes: -e
Pronoun
se
- (second-class) first-person singular personal pronoun (I, me, my)
- Se akanhemu aikú nhaãsé se kirá aikú.
- I am scared because I am fat.
- Aé uputari upitá se irũmu.
- He wants to stay with me.
- Se manha uwiké uka pisasú upé.
- My mother enters the new house.
Usage notes
- As a second-class pronoun, se is used as the subject of a sentence when its verb is a second-class one (those verbs are sometimes referred to as adjectives). The personal pronoun se is also used when governed by any postposition with the exception of arama and supé. Finally, se is used as a possessive pronoun as well.
See also
singular | first-class pronoun | second-class pronoun |
---|---|---|
first-person | ixé | se |
second-person | indé | ne |
third-person | aé | i |
plural | first-class pronoun | second-class pronoun |
first-person | yandé | yané |
second-person | penhẽ | pe |
third-person | aintá (or tá) | aintá (or tá) |
References
- ÁVILA, Marcel Twardowsky (2021) Proposta de dicionário nheengatu–português, page 688
- NAVARRO, Eduardo de Almeida (2016) Curso de língua geral (nheengatu ou tupi moderno): a língua das origens da civilização amazônica, 2nd edition, →ISBN, pages 11 and 108
North Frisian
Etymology
From Old Frisian siā, from Proto-Germanic *sehwaną.
Pronunciation
IPA(key): /sɛ/
Verb
se (present se, 2nd singular sjochst, 3rd singular sjocht, past saag, perfect sen)
- (Sylt) to see
Northern Kurdish
Etymology
From Proto-Iranian *cwā́, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćwā́, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱwṓ.
Noun
Central Kurdish | سەگ (seg) |
---|
se ?
- dog
Norwegian Bokmål
Etymology
From Old Norse sjá, from Proto-Germanic *sehwaną.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /seː/
Audio (file) - Rhymes: -eː
- Hyphenation: se
- Homophones: C, c
Verb
se (imperative se, present tense ser, passive ses or sees, simple past så, past participle sett, present participle seende)
- to see (perceive with the eyes).
References
- “se” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
Old English
Alternative forms
- þē – late nom. masc. sg. form
Etymology
From Proto-West Germanic *siz, replacing earlier *sā, from Proto-Germanic *sa.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /seː/
Article
sē
- the
- sē mōna ― the moon
- sēo sunne ― the sun
- þæt seofonstierre ― the Pleiades
- þā steorran ― the stars
Determiner
sē
- that
- Sele mē þone hamor.
- Give me that hammer.
Pronoun
sē
- that
- Hē fōr hām, and æfter þām ne ġeseah iċ hine nǣfre mā.
- He went home, and after that I never saw him again.
- the one / that one
- Iċ eom sē þe cnocaþ.
- I am the one who knocks.
- Hēo nis sēo þe þū oferreċċan þearft.
- She's not the one you need to convince.
- Rǣtst þū nū þās bōc oþþe þā?
- Are you reading this book right now or that one?
- Hwæðer is þīn, þē þæt swearte hors þē þæt hwīte?
- Which one is yours, the black horse or the white one?
- (relative) that, who, what
- Ne biþ eall þæt glitnaþ nā gold.
- Not everything that glitters is gold.
Usage notes
- The word "the" was used somewhat more sparingly in Old English than in the modern language. One reason is, English had only recently developed a word for "the" (sē previously only meant "that"), leaving many nouns and phrases which had a definite meaning but which people continued to use without a definite article out of custom. Examples of words which usually went without the word "the" include:
- Names of peoples, such as Engle (“the Angles”), Seaxan (“the Saxons”), and Crēcas (“the Greeks”). Ġelīefst þū þæt Dene magon bēon oferswīðde? (“Do you believe the Danes can be defeated?”).
- All river names. On Temese flēat ān sċip (“A boat was floating on the Thames”).
- A few nouns denoting types of locations, namely sǣ (“the sea”), wudu (“the woods”), and eorþe (“the ground”). Þū fēolle on eorðan and slōge þīn hēafod (“You fell on the ground and hit your head”). Note that eorþe was often used with a definite article when it meant "the Earth."
- "the world," whether expressed with weorold or middanġeard. Iċ eom æt hām on ealre weorolde, þǣr þǣr sind wolcnu and fuglas and mennisċe tēaras (“I feel at home in the whole world, where there are clouds and birds and human tears”).
- A couple of abstract concepts, namely sōþ (“the truth”) and ǣ (“the law”). Iċ seċġe ēow sōþ, þæt iċ swerie (“I'm telling you the truth, I swear”).
- Dryhten (“the Lord”).
- morgen (“the morning”) and ǣfen (“the evening”). Iċ ārās on lætne morgen and ēode niðer (“I got up late in the morning and went downstairs”).
- The four seasons, lengten (“spring”), sumor (“summer”), hærfest (“fall”), and winter (“winter”). On sumore hit biþ wearm and on wintra ċeald (“In the summer it's warm and in the winter it's cold”).
- forþġewitennes (“the past”), andweardnes (“the present”), and tōweardnes (“the future”). Þā þe forðġewitennesse ġemunan ne magon, hīe bēoþ ġeniðrode hīe tō ġeedlǣċenne (“Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it”).
- forma sīþ (“the first time”), ōþer sīþ (“the second time”), etc. Hwæt þōhtest þū þā þū mē forman sīðe ġemēttest? (“What did you think when you met me for the first time?”).
- þīestra (“the dark”). Iċ āwēox, ac iċ nǣfre ne ġeswāc mē þīestra tō ondrǣdenne (“I grew up, but I never stopped being scared of the dark”).
- Genitive phrases could include the word "the" before the head noun, but most often did not. Instead, genitive phrases were commonly formed like possessive phrases in modern English, with the genitive noun preceding the head noun ("John's car," not "the car of John"). Thus “the fall of Rome” was Rōme hryre, literally “Rome's fall,” and “the god of fire” was fȳres god, literally “fire's god.”
Declension
Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | sē | sēo | þæt |
Accusative | þone | þā | þæt |
Genitive | þæs | þǣre | þæs |
Dative | þām, þǣm | þǣre | þām, þǣm |
Instrumental | þon, þȳ, þē | þǣre | þon, þȳ, þē |
Plural | |||
Nominative | þā | ||
Accusative | þā | ||
Genitive | þāra | ||
Dative | þām, þǣm | ||
Instrumental | þām, þǣm |
Quotations
For quotations using this term, see Citations:se.
Descendants
- Middle English: se, ze, sæ
Old French
Etymology 1
From Latin sē.
Alternative forms
- sei
- soi
Pronoun
se m or f (invariable)
- himself (reflexive direct and indirect third-person singular pronoun)
- herself (reflexive direct and indirect third-person singular pronoun)
- itself (reflexive direct and indirect third-person singular pronoun)
- oneself (reflexive direct and indirect third-person singular pronoun)
- themselves (reflexive direct and indirect third-person plural pronoun)
Descendants
- French: se
Etymology 2
From Latin si.
Conjunction
se
- if
- then (afterwards; following)
Descendants
- French: si
Old Frisian
Pronoun
se
- she
- they
Old Irish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [sʲe]
Determiner
se
- Alternative form of so used after palatalized consonants and front vowels
Old Saxon
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic *sa.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /sɛː/
Article
sē m (demonstrative)
- definite article: the
- sē māno ― the moon
- demonstrative adjective: that, those
- Hē gaf thē gift. ― He gave that gift.
Declension
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | ||
nominative | sē | that | sīu | thē |
accusative | than | that | thē | thē |
genitive | thēs | thēs | thēra | thēra |
dative | thēm | thēm | thēra | thēm |
instrumental | thiu, thia, thuo, thuru | - |
Ometepec Nahuatl
Adjective
se
- one.
Pennsylvania German
Etymology
Compare German sie.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /sə/
Pronoun
se
- she
- her
Declension
- See se/derived terms § Pennsylvania German.
Phalura
Etymology 1
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /se/
Determiner
se (demonstrative, Perso-Arabic spelling سےۡ)
- the
- that (agr: rem fem / rem non-nom masc)
References
- Liljegren, Henrik; Haider, Naseem (2011) Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7), Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN
Etymology 2
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /se/
Determiner
se (demonstrative, Perso-Arabic spelling سےۡ)
- the
- those (agr: rem)
References
- Liljegren, Henrik; Haider, Naseem (2011) Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7), Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN
Etymology 3
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /se/
Pronoun
se (demonstrative, Perso-Arabic spelling سےۡ)
- it
- she (rem fem nom)
References
- Liljegren, Henrik; Haider, Naseem (2011) Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7), Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN
Etymology 4
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /se/
Pronoun
se (demonstrative, Perso-Arabic spelling سےۡ)
- they (rem nom)
References
- Liljegren, Henrik; Haider, Naseem (2011) Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7), Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN
Pilagá
Pronoun
se
- I
- se-take ― I want
References
- 2001, Alejandra Vidal, quoted in Subordination in Native South-American Languages
Pipil
< 0 | 1 | 2 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : sē Ordinal : achtu Adverbial : seujti Distributive : sejsē ika | ||
Etymology
From Proto-Uto-Aztecan *sɨmayV. Compare Classical Nahuatl ce (“one”). Cognate with Hopi suukya' (“one”), Shoshone seme' (“one”), Cahuilla súplli (“one”), and O'odham hema (“one”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈseː/
Numeral
sē
- one
- Nikneki semaya se
- I want only one
Article
sē
- a, indefinite article
- Tikitat se tekulut tik ne kwajkwawit
- We saw an owl in the trees
Pronoun
sē
- someone, something, indefinite pronoun
- Walajsik se ina ka metzishmati
- Someone came who said she/he knows you
- Se anmejemet nemi pal yawi pal kikua ne takwal
- One of you has to go to buy the food
- Ne nunan nechmakak se anmupal
- My mom gave me something for you all
Polish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /sɛ/
Audio (file) - Rhymes: -ɛ
- Syllabification: se
Pronoun
se
- (colloquial, sometimes proscribed), (stressed) oneself, myself, yourself, itself, etc.
- Synonym: sobie
- Daj se z tym spokój.
- Give it a break.
Further reading
- se in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- se in Polish dictionaries at PWN
Portuguese
Pronunciation
- (Brazil) IPA(key): /si/
- (Southern Brazil) IPA(key): /se/
- (Portugal) IPA(key): /s(ɨ)/
- Homophones: si (Brazil), cê (South Brazil)
- Hyphenation: se
Etymology 1
From Old Portuguese sse, se, from Latin sē.
Pronoun
se m or f by sense
- third-person singular and plural reflexive pronoun; himself; herself; itself; themself; themselves
- Ela se viu no espelho.
- She saw herself in the mirror.
- (informal, Brazil) first-person singular reflexive pronoun; myself
- Eu se apresentei no teatro.
- I performed myself at the theater.
- Synonym: (standard) me
- third-person singular and plural reciprocal pronoun; each other; one another
- Quando eles se conheceram?
- When did they meet (each other)?
- (informal, Brazil) first-person plural reciprocal pronoun; each other; one another
- Nós se beijámos.
- We kissed (each other).
- Synonym: (standard) nos
- second-person singular and plural reflexive and reciprocal pronoun, when used with second-person pronouns other than tu and vós; yourself; yourselves
- E você se diz um professor!
- And you call yourself a teacher!
- impersonal pronominal verb; oneself
- Vive-se bem em Belém.
- One lives well in Belém.
- (literally, “Lives oneself well in Belém”)
- accessory, when it is used to embellish the verb without its omission impairing the understanding.
- "Vão-se os reis, mas as nações ficam."
- Kings go, but nations remain.
- particle of spontaneity, when it indicates that there was spontaneity in the action by its agent.
- Ele morreu-se.
- He died.
Usage notes
- When the verb precedes se, a hyphen must be used. In Portugal post-verb se is more common, while in Brazil it usually precedes the verb.
- (reflexive and reciprocal): Many verb senses take a reflexive pronoun by default; they are called pronominal verbs. Se must be replaced by me, te, etc. according to the subject.
- comunicar-se (com) ― to communicate (with)
- arrepender-se ― to repent
- Many ergative English verbs are translated by a bare verb for transitive usage and a pronominal one for intransitive:
- O professor acalmou os alunos.
- The teacher calmed the students down.
- O professor acalmou-se.
- The teacher calmed down.
Quotations
For quotations using this term, see Citations:se.
See also
See Template:Portuguese personal pronouns for further pronouns.
Etymology 2
From Old Portuguese se, from Latin sī (“if”).
Alternative forms
- si (obsolete)
Conjunction
se
- if (introduces a condition)
- 2009, Maria Gadú, Altar particular
- Se enfim, você um dia resolver mudar, tirar meu pobre coração do altar, me devolver como se deve ser.
- (please add an English translation of this quote)
- 2007, J. K. Rowling, Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e as Relíquias da Morte, Rocco, page 317:
- Desculpe, acho que dá mais medo se for meia-noite!}}
- I'm sorry, I thought it would be more fearsome if it were midnight!
- Se for sair, leve um guarda-chuva.
- If you go out, take an umbrella.
- Só começaremos se nos pagarem.
- We will only begin if they pay us.
- Synonym: caso
- Antonyms: caso contrário, senão
- 2009, Maria Gadú, Altar particular
Quotations
For quotations using this term, see Citations:se.
Pronoun
se
- (Brazil, Internet slang) Misspelling of cê; "you"
- se sabe oq aconteceu??
- do u know what happened?
- Synonym: c
Romagnol
Alternative forms
- s' (Apocopic)
Conjunction
se
- if
Romanian
Etymology
From Latin sē.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /se/
- Rhymes: -e
Pronoun
se
- (reflexive pronoun) oneself, himself, herself, itself, themselves
Related terms
- sine
Romansch
Alternative forms
- (Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan) si
- (Sutsilvan, Surmiran) sen
- (Puter, Vallader) sü
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Adverb
se
- (Sutsilvan, Surmiran) up, upward, upwards
Rwanda-Rundi
Etymology
From Proto-Bantu *cé.
Noun
sé class 1a (plural bāsé class 2a)
- his/her father
- his/her paternal uncle
Samoan
Article
se
- a (singular indefinite article)
See also
- le
Serbo-Croatian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /se/
Etymology 1
From Proto-Slavic *sę, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *sen, from Proto-Indo-European *swé.
Pronoun
se (Cyrillic spelling се)
- oneself (clitic form of reflexive pronoun)
- myself
- yourself
- himself, herself, itself
- ourselves
- yourselves
- themselves
- (by extension, impersonal) Used to convey the meaning of the English passive voice in the third person where the impersonal subject does the verb unto itself
- Kako se zoveš? ― What's your name? (literally, “What do you call yourself?”)
- Kako se to kaže na španjolskom? ― How is that said in Spanish? / How do you say that in Spanish? (literally, “How does it say itself in Spanish?”)
- Ovdje se govori španjolski ― Spanish is spoken here (literally, “Spanish speaks itself here.”)
- Svjetska prvenstva se igraju ljeti. ― World Cups are played during the summer. (literally, “World Cups play themselves during the summer.”)
Declension
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
nominative | — | — |
genitive | sȅbe, se | sȅbe |
dative | sȅbi, si | sȅbi |
accusative | sȅbe, se | sȅbe |
vocative | — | — |
locative | sȅbi | sȅbi |
instrumental | sȍbōm | sȍbom |
Etymology 2
From Proto-Slavic *sь.
Particle
se (Cyrillic spelling се)
- (obsolete) this is; here is
- 1404, anonymous, Kočerin tablet:
- се лежи вигань милошевиꙉь
- Here lies Viganj Milošević
- се лежи вигань милошевиꙉь
- 1404, anonymous, Kočerin tablet:
Slovene
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *sę.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /sɛ/
Pronoun
se
- oneself: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself (accusative)
- ourselves, yourselves, themselves (accusative)
Inflection
See Template:sl-decl-ppron for inflection.
Spanish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /se/ [se]
- Rhymes: -e
- Syllabification: se
- Homophones: sé, (Latin America) ce
Etymology 1
From Latin sē.
Pronoun
se m or f (third person, including ‘usted’ and ‘ustedes’)
- Third person (also used for usted and ustedes) reflexive direct or indirect object oneself, himself, herself, itself, yourself; each other; one another
- Juan se lava. ― Juan washes himself.
- Juan se lava la cara. ― Juan washes his own face. (literally, “Juan to himself washes the face.”)
- Juan y María se aman. ― Juan and María love each other.
- Used to convey the meaning of the English passive voice in the third person and with usted and ustedes
- ¿Cómo se llama? ― What is your name? (literally, “How do you call yourself?”)
- Se dice que... ― It is said that... (literally, “It says itself that...”)
- Aquí se habla español ― Spanish is spoken here / They speak Spanish here. (literally, “One speaks Spanish here, Spanish speaks itself here.”)
Usage notes
- (third person reflexive, also used for ‘usted’ and ‘ustedes’): Se is used as a suffix with verbs in the infinitive and imperative.
Etymology 2
From Old Spanish ge (from Latin illī, compare Portuguese lhe, Italian gli), whose pronunciation shifted from /ʒe/ to /ʃe/ in Early Modern Spanish, at which point it was reanalyzed as /se/ (rather than shifting to /xe/ as expected).
Alternative forms
- ge (archaic)
Pronoun
se m or f (third person, including ‘usted’ and ‘ustedes’)
- Used instead of indirect object pronouns le and les before the direct object pronouns lo, la, los, or las.
- El samaritano se las dio. ― The Samaritan gave them to him.
See also
See Appendix:Spanish pronouns for an overview of Spanish pronouns and Template:es-personal pronouns for a pronoun table.
Verb
se (main verb saber)
- Misspelling of sé.
Further reading
- “se”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014
Sranan Tongo
Etymology
Borrowed from Dutch zee.
Noun
se
- sea
Swedish
Etymology
From Old Swedish sēa, sē, sīa, from Old Norse séa, sjá, from Proto-Germanic *sehwaną. Final -g of the past tense form added under influence of the Old Swedish plural form sāgho.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /seː/
audio (file) - Homophones: C, c
- Rhymes: -eː
Verb
se (present ser, preterite såg, supine sett, imperative se)
- to see (not be blind)
- Han sa att han var blind, men han kan se
- He said he was blind, but he can see
- to look
- Han såg på igelkotten
- He looked at the hedgehog
- Synonyms: titta, kolla, stirra, glo
- 1888, August Strindberg, Fröken Julie
- Tvärtom, fröken Julie, som ni ser har jag skyndat uppsöka min övergivna!
- Quite the opposite, miss Julie, as you can see I have rushed to find my abandoned one!
- Tvärtom, fröken Julie, som ni ser har jag skyndat uppsöka min övergivna!
- 1915, John Wahlborg, Stjärnbanér i blågult
- Vad jag sett och hört och känt har helt enkelt överväldigat mig.
- What I have seen and heard and felt has quite simply overwhelmed me.
- Vad jag sett och hört och känt har helt enkelt överväldigat mig.
- to see; to understand
- Jag ser inte hur det skulle kunna vara möjligt. ― I don't see how that could be possible.
- Synonyms: förstå, fatta, begripa
- to see, to visualize; to form a mental picture of
Usage notes
"Jag ser" for "I see" as in "I understand" does not work in (sense 3) though. See the synonyms instead.
Conjugation
Active | Passive | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Infinitive | se | ses | ||
Supine | sett | setts | ||
Imperative | se | — | ||
Imper. plural1 | sen | — | ||
Present | Past | Present | Past | |
Indicative | ser | såg | ses | sågs |
Ind. plural1 | se | sågo | ses | sågos |
Subjunctive2 | se | såge | ses | såges |
Participles | ||||
Present participle | seende | |||
Past participle | sedd | |||
1 Archaic. 2 Dated. See the appendix on Swedish verbs. |
Hypernyms
- förnimma
Derived terms
- See se/derived terms § Swedish.
Related terms
- See se/derived terms § Swedish.
See also
- See se/derived terms § Swedish.
Anagrams
- -es
Tarantino
Pronoun
se (impersonal, reflexive)
- it
- one
Ternate
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈse]
Preposition
se (Jawi سي)
- human oblique preposition
- to
- at, in
- on
- from
Usage notes
Se is only used when the referent is human. For non-human referents, toma is used instead.
Alternative forms
- si
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈse]
Preposition
se (Jawi سي)
- associative preposition: with
- ngori totagi butu se ngori rinongoru ― I go to the market with my younger sibling
- instrumental preposition: with, by, using
- tabu se usipera ― fire the gun (literally, “to shoot with the gun”)
Usage notes
Generally, when se takes a human referent, it is associative, and when se takes a non-human referent, it is instrumental, although exceptions do exist.
Alternative forms
- si
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈse]
Conjunction
se (Jawi سي)
- and
- tohida riyaya se ribaba ― I see my mother and my father
- forms compound numbers
- bobato nyagimoi se tofkange ― the (council of) eighteen bobatos (literally, “the ten and eight bobatos”)
References
- Frederik Sigismund Alexander de Clercq (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate, E.J. Brill
- Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh
Tocharian A
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *suHyús. Cognate with Tocharian B soy, Old Armenian ուստր (ustr) and Ancient Greek υἱύς (huiús).
Noun
se m
- son
See also
- See se/derived terms § Tocharian A.
Tocharian B
Pronoun
se
- Alternative form of kᵤse (“who, which”) (colloquial)
Turkish
Noun
se
- The name of the Latin-script letter S/s.
Noun
se
- Letter of the Arabic alphabet: ث
Tuvaluan
Article
se (indefinite article)
- a, an
Veps
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *se, from Proto-Uralic *śe. Cognates include Finnish se and Estonian see.
Pronoun
se
- it
Inflection
See Template:vep-decl-se for inflection.
Determiner
se
- that (far)
Inflection
See Template:vep-decl-se for inflection.
Derived terms
- -se
References
- Zajceva, N. G.; Mullonen, M. I. (2007), “та, то, тот”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary], Petrozavodsk: Periodika
Volapük
Preposition
se
- out of
Votic
Pronunciation
- (Luuditsa, Liivtšülä) IPA(key): /ˈse/, [ˈse]
- Rhymes: -e
- Hyphenation: se
Pronoun
se
- Alternative form of see
Welsh
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /sɛ/
Verb
se (not mutable)
- Contraction of basai.
West Frisian
Pronoun
se
- Alternative form of sy (“she”)
Pronoun
se
- Alternative form of sy (“they”)
Wutunhua
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [sʰə]
40 | ||
← 3 | 4 | 5 → |
---|---|---|
Cardinal: se Ordinal: di-se, xxewa |
Etymology 1
From Mandarin 四.
Numeral
se
- four
Etymology 2
From Mandarin 死.
Verb
se
- to die
- rolang sho-de je da nga-n-de mula ren se-gu-la diando rolang qhe-lai-li sho-de gu-li.
- As for this thing called ro-langs [type of Tibetan zombie], it is said that if a person among us dies, there will appear a ro-langs instead.
References
- Juha Janhunen, Marja Peltomaa, Erika Sandman, Xiawu Dongzhou (2008) Wutun (LINCOM's Descriptive Grammar Series), volume 466, LINCOM Europa, →ISBN
- Erika Sandman (2016) A Grammar of Wutun, University of Helsinki (PhD), →ISBN
Yoruba
Etymology 1
Proposed to be derived from Proto-Yoruboid *sì, compare with Igala hì
Alternative forms
- hè (Ìkálẹ̀)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /sè/
Verb
sè
- (transitive) to cook
- Ó se ọbẹ̀ ilá. ― He cooked okra soup.
- (transitive) to boil
- Mi ò mọ ẹyin ín sè. ― I don't know how to boil eggs.
Usage notes
- When to cook is intransitive use dáná.
- (to boil): When referring to leafy vegetables or meat use bọ̀, when referring to water use hó.
Derived terms
- àsè (“banquet”)
- oúnjẹ sísè (“cooking”)
- sísè (“cooked, cooking”)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /sé/
Verb
sé
- (transitive) to block; to shut
- Wọ́n sé fèrèsé náà. ― They blocked that window.
- (transitive) to miss
- Òkúta tí ó jù sé ihò. ― The rock she threw missed the hole.
Derived terms
- ìsédò (“dam”)
- ìséjúlé (“deep defending”)
- sé léèémí (“to strangle, to choke”)
- sé mọ́lé (“to quarantine”)
Zazaki
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [sɛ]
Adverb
se
- how
- if
- what
Numeral
se
- hundred
- Alternative form of sed