Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/þrukkijan

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *þrukkijaną.

Verb

*þrukkijan[1]

to press

Reconstruction notes

This verb is sometimes reconstructed with a short stem, and the gemination is assumed to be the result of the West Germanic gemination (i.e. *þrukkjan). However, it is noted that in both Old English[2] and Old Saxon[3], the verb has a heavy stem rather than a light one.

Inflection

Class 1 weak
Infinitive	*þrukkijan
1st sg. past	*þrukkidā
Infinitive	*þrukkijan
Genitive infin.	*þrukkijannjas
Dative infin.	*þrukkijannjē
Instrum. infin.	*þrukkijannju
Indicative	Present	Past
1st singular	*þrukkiju	*þrukkidā
2nd singular	*þrukkisi	þrukkidēs, þrukkidōs
3rd singular	*þrukkiþi	þrukkidē, þrukkidā
1st plural	*þrukkijum	*þrukkidum
2nd plural	*þrukkiþ	*þrukkidud
3rd plural	*þrukkijanþ	*þrukkidun
Subjunctive	Present	Past
1st singular	*þrukkijē	*þrukkidī
2nd singular	*þrukkijēs	*þrukkidī
3rd singular	*þrukkijē	*þrukkidī
1st plural	*þrukkijēm	*þrukkidīm
2nd plural	*þrukkijēþ	*þrukkidīd
3rd plural	*þrukkijēn	*þrukkidīn
Imperative	Present
Singular	*þrukki
Plural	*þrukkiþ
	Present	Past
Participle	*þrukkijandī	*þrukkid

Descendants

Old English: þryċċan
- Middle English: thrucchen
  - English: thrutch (dialectal), druck
- Middle English: *threkken
  - English: thrack
Old Frisian: thretza, thrikka
- West Frisian: druwckjen, drukke
Old Saxon: thrukkian
- Middle Low German: drücken
  - German Low German: drücken
- → West Frisian: drukke
Old Dutch: *thrucken
- Middle Dutch: drucken
  - Dutch: drukken
    - Afrikaans: druk
    - → Caribbean Javanese: nggedrig
    - → Papiamentu: drùk, druk
  - Limburgish: drókke, drökke
Old High German: drucchen, drukken, drucchan
- Middle High German: drücken, drucken
  - Cimbrian: drukhan
  - German: drücken (“press”), drucken (“print”)
    - → Ladin: druché
    - → Low German: drucken
    - → Polish: drukować
    - → Yiddish: דרוקן‎ (drukn)
  - Luxembourgish: drécken
  - Yiddish: דריקן‎ (drikn)
- → Venetian: strucar

References

Ringe, Donald; Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 209: “PWGmc *þrukkijan”
Campbell, Alistair (1959) Old English grammar, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 321: “Here ċċ is not due to West Gmc. gemination, and appears in all parts if a vowel follows, 3rd sg. pres. ind. þryċċeþ, pass. part. þryċċed.”
Holthausen, Ferdinand (1921) Altsächsisches Elementarbuch, Heidelberg, page 161: “Bei diesen bleibt im Präsensstamme der Endkonsonant unverändert [...] *thrukkian ‘drücken’ (Prt. thucdad = thructa? Wer. Gl.)”

[1] Ringe, Donald; Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 209: “PWGmc *þrukkijan”

[2] Campbell, Alistair (1959) Old English grammar, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 321: “Here ċċ is not due to West Gmc. gemination, and appears in all parts if a vowel follows, 3rd sg. pres. ind. þryċċeþ, pass. part. þryċċed.”

[3] Holthausen, Ferdinand (1921) Altsächsisches Elementarbuch, Heidelberg, page 161: “Bei diesen bleibt im Präsensstamme der Endkonsonant unverändert [...] *thrukkian ‘drücken’ (Prt. thucdad = thructa? Wer. Gl.)”