< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/ťuďь
 | This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
From *ťudь (“foreign people”) + *-jь (attested in Old East Slavic чудь (čudĭ, “Chud people”), an exonym for Baltic Finns), from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂ (“people”) via:
- Gothic 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰 (þiuda, “people”), from Proto-Germanic *þeudō, or
- Fluctuation\\dissimilation of *ťut- (compare Slavic *tvьrdъ : Lithuanian tvìrtas)
Baltic cognates include Lithuanian tautà (“people”), Latvian tàuta (“people”), tauto (“people”). Probably also cognate with Hungarian tót (“Slavic person (Slovak, Croat)”).
For the meaning compare *ľudьskъ (“foreign”) (< *ľudъ/*ľudь (“people”)), Polish obcy (“unfamiliar”) (< *obьťь (“common”)) and also Tocharian A lyutan (“loca externa”)
Adjective
*ťȗďь[1][2]
- foreign, alien, strange
- Synonym: *ľudьskъ
Declension
Accent paradigm с.
Indefinite declension of *ťuďь (soft)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *ťuďь | *ťuďa | *ťuďe |
| Accusative | *ťuďь | *ťuďǫ | *ťuďe |
| Genitive | *ťuďa | *ťuďę | *ťuďa |
| Locative | *ťuďi | *ťuďi | *ťuďi |
| Dative | *ťuďu | *ťuďi | *ťuďu |
| Instrumental | *ťuďemь | *ťuďejǫ | *ťuďemь |
| Vocative | *ťuďu | *ťuďe | *ťuďe |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *ťuďa | *ťuďi | *ťuďi |
| Accusative | *ťuďa | *ťuďi | *ťuďi |
| Genitive | *ťuďu | *ťuďu | *ťuďu |
| Locative | *ťuďu | *ťuďu | *ťuďu |
| Dative | *ťuďema | *ťuďama | *ťuďema |
| Instrumental | *ťuďema | *ťuďama | *ťuďema |
| Vocative | *ťuďa | *ťuďi | *ťuďi |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *ťuďi | *ťuďę | *ťuďa |
| Accusative | *ťuďę | *ťuďę | *ťuďa |
| Genitive | *ťuďь | *ťuďь | *ťuďь |
| Locative | *ťuďixъ | *ťuďaxъ | *ťuďixъ |
| Dative | *ťuďemъ | *ťuďamъ | *ťuďemъ |
| Instrumental | *ťuďi | *ťuďami | *ťuďi |
| Vocative | *ťuďi | *ťuďę | *ťuďa |
Definite declension of *ťuďь (soft)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *ťuďьjь | *ťuďaja | *ťuďeje |
| Accusative | *ťuďьjь | *ťuďǫjǫ | *ťuďeje |
| Genitive | *ťuďajego | *ťuďęję | *ťuďajego |
| Locative | *ťuďijemь | *ťuďiji | *ťuďijemь |
| Dative | *ťuďujemu | *ťuďiji | *ťuďujemu |
| Instrumental | *ťuďijimi | *ťuďǫjǫ | *ťuďijimi |
| Vocative | *ťuďьjь | *ťuďaja | *ťuďeje |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *ťuďaja | *ťuďiji | *ťuďiji |
| Accusative | *ťuďaja | *ťuďiji | *ťuďiji |
| Genitive | *ťuďuju | *ťuďuju | *ťuďuju |
| Locative | *ťuďuju | *ťuďuju | *ťuďuju |
| Dative | *ťuďijima | *ťuďijima | *ťuďijima |
| Instrumental | *ťuďijima | *ťuďijima | *ťuďijima |
| Vocative | *ťuďaja | *ťuďiji | *ťuďiji |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *ťuďiji | *ťuďęję | *ťuďaja |
| Accusative | *ťuďęję | *ťuďęję | *ťuďaja |
| Genitive | *ťuďьjixъ | *ťuďьjixъ | *ťuďьjixъ |
| Locative | *ťuďijixъ | *ťuďijixъ | *ťuďijixъ |
| Dative | *ťuďijimъ | *ťuďijimъ | *ťuďijimъ |
| Instrumental | *ťuďijimi | *ťuďijimi | *ťuďijimi |
| Vocative | *ťuďiji | *ťuďęję | *ťuďaja |
See also
- *ľudъ/*ľudь sg (“people”), *ľudьje pl
- *ľudьjь (“people's”)
- *ľudьskъ (“foreign”)
- *čudo (“miracle, wonder”)
Derived terms
- *ťuďina
- *ťuďinьcь
Descendants
South Slavic *tuďь probably from dissimilation, though Baltic cognates have similar vocalism. Vasmer explains Church Slavonic and Bulgarian 'ч' ('щ' is expected) as influence of чудо (čudo, “wonder, miracle”).
- East Slavic:
- Belarusian: чужы́ (čužý)
- Russian: чужо́й (čužój)
- Rusyn: чуджи́й (čudžýj)
- Ukrainian: чужи́й (čužýj)
- Old Novgorodian: цюже (cjuže)
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic: щоуждь (štuždĭ), тоуждь (tuždĭ), стоуждь (stuždĭ)
- Church Slavonic: чуждь (čuždĭ) (Serbian)
- Bulgarian: чужд (čužd), чузд (čuzd)
- → Russian: чу́ждый (čúždyj)
- Macedonian: туѓ (tuǵ)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: ту̏ђ
- Latin: tȕđ
- Slovene: túj
- West Slavic:
- Old Czech: cuzí
- Czech: cizí
- Moravian (Mistřice): cuzí
- Czech: cizí
- Kashubian: cëzy
- Polabian: ceudzi
- Polish: cudzy (“someone else's”)
- Slovak: cudzí
- Sorbian:
- Upper Sorbian: cuzy
- Lower Sorbian: cuzy
- Old Czech: cuzí
Further reading
- Derksen, Rick (2015), “tauta¹”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 461
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “чужой”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Chernykh, P. (1993), “чужой”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), volume 2 (панцирь – ящур), 3rd edition, Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 395
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1988), “*ljudьskъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 15 (*lětina – *lokačь), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 203
- Šanskij, N. M. (2004), “чужой”, in Školʹnyj etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [School Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Drofa
References
- Snoj, Marko (2016), “túj”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar3 (in Slovene), https://fran.si: “iz pslovan. *t'ȗd'ь”
- Olander, Thomas (2001), “tjudjь tjudja tjudje”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c fremmed (PR 138)”