Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/plugъ

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Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/plugъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

*plugъ (museum exhibit)

Etymology

Borrowed from a Germanic language[1] (compare Old High German pfluog), from Proto-Germanic *plōgaz ~ *plōguz. Also loaned into Lithuanian plūgas.

Noun

*plùgъ m[1][2][3]

1. plough

   Hyponyms: *ordlo (“ard plough”), *soxa (“stick plough”)

Usage notes

The term may have originally referred to frame-ploughs, invented around 1st cent. AD by the Romans. It was probably intended for plowing tougher soils, which could not be handled by simpler tools such as *ordlo and *soxa. According to Schuster-Šewc, the tool had spread from Raetia or Eastern Gallia into the Langobards and from them into the remaining Germanic and Central European people.

Declension

Declension of *plùgъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm a)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*plùgъ	*plùga	*plùdzi
Accusative	*plùgъ	*plùga	*plùgy
Genitive	*plùga	*plùgu	*plùgъ
Locative	*plùdzě	*plùgu	*plùdzě̄xъ
Dative	*plùgu	*plùgoma	*plùgomъ
Instrumental	*plùgъmь, *plùgomь*	*plùgoma	*plùgȳ
Vocative	*plùže	*plùga	*plùdzi

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

See also

• *pluga (“groove, trail”), *plugovina (“rugged soil”) (< perhaps *pluti (“to flow”) +‎ *-ga)
  • *plužiti (“to drag”)[3]
    • ⇒ Czech: ploužit se (“to drag”)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: плугъ (plugŭ)
    • Belarusian: плуг (pluh)
    • Russian: плуг (plug)
    • Ukrainian: плуг (pluh)
• South Slavic:
  • Bulgarian: плуг (plug)
  • Macedonian: плуг (plug)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic: плуг

    Latin: plug

  • Slovene: plȗg, plȕg (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Czech: pluh
  • Kashubian: pług
  • Polish: pług
  • Slovak: pluh

• Non-Slavic:
  • Albanian: plug
  • Aromanian: plug
  • Romanian: plug

References

1. Pronk-Tiethoff, Saskia E. (2013) The Germanic loanwords in Proto-Slavic‎ (in English), Amsterdam - New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 86: “PSl. *plugъ ‘plough’ (m. o-stem); AP (a)”
2. Olander, Thomas (2001), “plugъ”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a (SA 155; PR 131; RPT 97, 101)”
3. Snoj, Marko (2016), “plug”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar³ (in Slovene), https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *plűgъ”

Further reading

• Blažek, Václav; Dufková, Kristýna (2016), “Psl. *plugъ < z germ. *plōgu-/*plōga- < kelt.?”, in Linguistica Brunensia, volume 64, issue 2, page 55
• Verweij, Arno (1994), “Quantity Patterns of Substantives in Czech and Slovak”, in Dutch Contributions to the Eleventh International Congress of Slavists, Bratislava (Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics)‎, volume 22, Editions Rodopi B.V., page 525, 530
• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “плуг”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
• Duridanov I., Račeva M., Todorov T., editor (1996), “плуг”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 5, Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 365
• “plūgas”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012