< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/gvozdь
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gwesd- (“dense, compact, clumped”), via Proto-Balto-Slavic *gwasdís, *gwasdwī́ˀ (whence Old Church Slavonic гвоздвьи (gvozdvĭj)). Possibly cognate with Armenian կոշտ (košt, “hard, tough, crude”) and akin to o-stem Proto-Celtic *bozdos[1] (whence Middle Irish bot (“tail, penis”), Welsh both (“hub, nave”)).
Noun
*gvȍzdь m[2][3][4]
- (originally) wooden peg
- Synonyms: *klinъ, *žerbьľь, *grezdьjь
- nail, iron spike
Alternative forms
- *gvozdьjь (thematized)
- *gvožďь (yo-stem, in Northern Slavic)
- *gvozdъ (o-stem, principally meaning “thicket”)
Declension
Declension of *gvȍzdь (i-stem, accent paradigm c)
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | *gvȍzdь | *gvȍzdi | *gvȍzdьjē, *gvȍzďē* |
Accusative | *gvȍzdь | *gvȍzdi | *gvȍzdi |
Genitive | *gvozdí | *gvozdьjù, *gvozďu* | *gvozdь̀jь |
Locative | *gvozdí | *gvozdьjù, *gvozďu* | *gvȍzdьxъ |
Dative | *gvȍzdi | *gvozdьmà | *gvȍzdьmъ |
Instrumental | *gvȍzdьmь | *gvozdьmà | *gvozdьmì |
Vocative | *gvozdi | *gvȍzdi | *gvȍzdьjē, *gvȍzďē* |
* The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Derived terms
- *gvozditi (“to nail”)
Related terms
- *gvozditi (“to stiffen”)
- *gvozdъ (“dense woodland, thicket”)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: гвоздь (gvozdĭ), гвоздъ (gvozdŭ)
- Old Ruthenian: гвоздь (hvozdʹ)
- Belarusian: гвозд (hvozd) (o-stem)
- Ukrainian: гвоздь (hvozdʹ) (rare), гвіздь (hvizdʹ) (dialectal)
- Russian: гвоздь (gvozdʹ)
- Old Ruthenian: гвоздь (hvozdʹ)
- Old East Slavic: гвоздь (gvozdĭ), гвоздъ (gvozdŭ)
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic: гвоздь (gvozdĭ)
- Bulgarian: гво́зд (gvózd) (dialectal, o-stem)
- ⇒ Bulgarian: гво́здей (gvózdej) (standard)
- Macedonian: гос (gos) (dialectal)
- Serbo-Croatian: (dialectal)
- Cyrillic: гво̑зд (“iron spike”)
- Latin: gvȏzd (“iron spike”)
- West Slavic:
- Polish: gwóźdź
- Sorbian:
- Lower Sorbian: gózdź
- Upper Sorbian: hózdź
- Non-Slavic:
- → Albanian: gozdë
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “гвоздь”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1980), “*gvozdъ/*gvozdь”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 7 (*golvačь – *gyžati), Moscow: Nauka, page 185
- Georgiev V. I., editor (1971), “гвоздей”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1, Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 234
References
- Schumacher, Stefan; Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 372
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*gvozdь; *gvozdъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 196: “m. i; m o ‘nail’”
- Olander, Thomas (2001), “gvozdь”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c søm (PR 138)”
- Snoj, Marko (2016), “gozd”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar3 (in Slovene), https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *gvȍzdь”