Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/ʔit
Proto-Sino-Tibetan
Etymology
- Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ʔjit (Coblin, 1986)
- Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *ʔit (Matisoff, STEDT); *it (Benedict, 1972)
There is no single general root for ONE in Sino-Tibetan languages, in sharp contradistinction to the cases of numerals 2-9, for each of which a single etymon overwhelmingly predominates. This root is only found at the periphery of the Sino-Tibetan area and may therefore be quite old. The more common root for ONE is *tjak ~ g-t(j)ik.
Benedict (1972) set up this etymon on the basis of only two forms: Kanawari and Written Burmese, and identified it as cognate to Old Chinese.
Matisoff (1997) posits *-i- ~ -ya- variational pattern in this etymon (akin to *tjak ~ g-t(j)ik (“one”), *gip ~ gjap (“ten”) and perhaps *riŋ ~ rjaŋ (“ten”), op. cit.) and considers this root to be etymologically cognate with *kat (“one”).
Some Min Dong dialects of Chinese use 蜀 as the colloquial word for the numeral one, e.g. Fuzhou /soʔ⁵/, Fuqing /θyo⁵³/. Min Nan also has a similar-shaped word, e.g. Amoy /t͡ɕit̚⁵/.
Numeral
*ʔit
Proto-Sino-Tibetan numerals | |
---|---|
ONE | *ʔit *kat *tjak ~ g-t(j)ik |
TWO | *g/s-ni-s |
THREE | *g-sum |
FOUR | *b-ləj |
FIVE | *l/b-ŋa |
SIX | *d-k-ruk |
SEVEN | *s-ni-s |
EIGHT | *b-r-gjat ~ b-g-rjat |
NINE | *d/s-kəw |
TEN | *gip *ts(j)i(j) ~ tsjaj |
TWENTY | *m-kul |
HUNDRED | *b-r-gja |
THOUSAND | *s-tawŋ |
- one
Descendants
- Old Chinese: 一 (*ʔit (B-S); *qlig (ZS))
- (in the oracle bone script)
→ Proto-Hmong-Mien: *ʔɨ (“one”)
(White Hmong (RPA): ib)
- Middle Chinese: 一 /ʔiɪt/
→ Japanese: 一 (いち, ichi)
Korean: 일 (一, il)
Vietnamese: nhất (一)→ Thai: เอ็ด (èt, “one (used as final digit, as in สิบเอ็ด (sìp-èt))”)
Lao: ເອັດ (ʼet, “one (used as final digit, as in ສິບເອັດ (sip ʼet))”)
- Mandarin
- Beijing: 一 yī, /i⁵⁵/
- Northeastern
- Harbin: 一 /i⁴⁴/
- Jilin: 一 /i⁴⁴/
- Changchun: 一 /i⁴⁴/
- Shenyang: 一 /i³³/
- Jilu
- Tianjin: 一 /i⁴²/
- Jinan: 一 /i²¹³/
- Jiaoliao
- Qingdao: 一 /i⁵⁵/
- Dalian: 一 /i²¹³/
- Weihai: 一 /i⁵³/
- Zhongyuan
- Xi’an: 一 /i²¹/
- Zhengzhou: 一 /i²⁴/
- Yinchuan: 一 /i¹³/
- Jin
- Taiyuan: 一 /ieʔ²/
- Southwestern
- Chengdu-Chongqing: 一 yi2 /i²¹/
- Wuhan: 一 /i²¹³/
- Guiyang: 一 /i²¹/
- Kunming: 一 /i⁴²/
- Jianghuai
- Nanjing: 一 i5 /iʔ⁵/
- Hefei: 一 /ieʔ⁴/
- Yangzhou: 一 /ieʔ⁴/
- Yue
- Guangzhou-Hong Kong: 一 jat1 /jɐt̚⁵/
- Taishan: 一 /zit̚⁵/
- Hakka
- Meixian: 一 yid5 /it̚¹/
- Gan
- Nanchang: 一 /it̚⁵/
- Xiang
- Changsha: 一 /i²⁴/
- Shuangfeng: 一 /i¹³/
- Wu
- Shanghai: 一 iq7 /iɪʔ⁴/
- Suzhou: 一 iq7 /iəʔ⁴³/
- Ningbo: 一 iq7 /iɪʔ⁵/
- Hangzhou: 一 iq7 /iəʔ⁵/
- Taizhou: 一 iq7 /iəʔ⁵/
- Wenzhou: 一 iai7 /iai³²³/
- Min
- Southern
- Hokkien: 一 it /it̚³/
- Teoswa: 一 ig4 /ik̚²/
- Eastern
- Hokchiu: 一 ék /eiʔ²³/
- Northern
- Jian’ou: 一 ĭ /i²⁴/
- Southern
- (in the oracle bone script)
- Himalayish
- Tibeto-Kanauri
- Western Himalayish
- Kinnauri: id (“one”)
- Western Himalayish
- Mahakiranti
- Kham-Magar-Chepang-Sunwar
- Chepang: यात् (jat, “one”)
- Kham-Magar-Chepang-Sunwar
- Tibeto-Kanauri
- Tangut-Qiang
- Northern Tangut
- Tangut: 𘂪 (dzjij, /*d͡zʲɪj³⁵/, “one, single”); 𗖌 (gjɨ, /*ɡʲʏ³⁵/, “one, some, a”)
- Northern Tangut
- Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
- Lolo-Burmese
- Burmish
- Written Burmese: အစ် (ac, “unit, one”) (Benedict, 1976, RDWB)
- Burmish
- Lolo-Burmese