Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ʔaḫw-

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Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ʔaḫw-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Noun

*ʔaḫw- m (plural *ʔaḫan)[1]

1. brother

Inflection

Declension of *ʔaḫw-

Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ʔaḫwum	*ʔaḫwāna	*ʔaḫanūna
Genitive	*ʔaḫwim	*ʔaḫwayna	*ʔaḫanīna
Accusative	*ʔaḫwam
possessive forms
1st person	*ʔaḫwī / *ʔaḫwVya	—	*ʔaḫwVni
2nd person m	*ʔaḫwVka	*ʔaḫwVkumā / *ʔaḫwVkumay	*ʔaḫwVkum(ū)
2nd person f	*ʔaḫwVki		*ʔaḫwVkin(ā)
3rd person m	*ʔaḫwVšu	*ʔaḫwVšumā / *ʔaḫwVšumay	*ʔaḫwVšum(ū)
3rd person f	*ʔaḫwVša		*ʔaḫwVšin(ā)
Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible. Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ʔaḫwuya for nom. case, *ʔaḫwiya for gen. case, *ʔaḫwaya for acc. case, etc. Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *ʔaḫw- Singular Dual Plural Nominative *ʔaḫwuka *ʔaḫwāka *ʔaḫanūka Genitive *ʔaḫwika *ʔaḫwayka *ʔaḫanīka Accusative *ʔaḫwaka Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *ʔaḫw- Singular Dual Plural Nominative *ʔaḫwuki *ʔaḫwāki *ʔaḫanūki Genitive *ʔaḫwiki *ʔaḫwayki *ʔaḫanīki Accusative *ʔaḫwaki

Coordinate terms

• *ʔabw-
• *ʔimm-
• *ʔaḫwat-
• *bin-
• *bint-

Derived terms

• *ʔaḫwat- (“sister”)

Descendants

• East Semitic:
  • Akkadian: 𒋀 (aḫum)
• West Semitic:
  • Central Semitic:
    • Arabic: أَخ‎ (ʾaḵ)
      • Gulf Arabic: أخو‎ (uḵu)
      • Maltese: ħu
      • Moroccan Arabic: أخ‎ (ʔaḵḵ), (construct state) خو‎ (ḵū), (construct state) خا‎ (ḵā)
      • → English: akh, akhi
      • → Malayalam: ഇക്ക (ikka)
      • → Portuguese: Lafões
    • Northwest Semitic:
      • Aramaic:

        Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: אֲחָא‎ (ʾăḥā)

        • Classical Syriac: ܐܰܚܳܐ‎ (ʾaḥā)
      • Canaanite:
        • Hebrew: אָח‎ ('ákh, ʾāḥ)
        • Phoenician: 𐤀𐤇‎ (ʾḥ)
          • Punic: 𐤀𐤇‎ (ʾḥ)
      • Ugaritic: 𐎀𐎃 (ảḫ /ʾaḫu/)
    • Old South Arabian:
      • Hadrami: 𐩱𐩭‎ (ʾḫ)
      • Minaean: 𐩱𐩭‎ (ʾḫ)
      • Qatabanian: 𐩱𐩭‎ (ʾḫ)
      • Sabaean: 𐩱𐩭‎ (ʾḫ)
  • Ethiopian Semitic:
    • Argobba: አህ (äh)
    • Ge'ez: እኍ (ʾəḫʷ), አኀው (ʾäḫäw, plural)
    • Harari: እሕ (əḥ)
    • Tigre: ሑ (ḥu)
    • Tigrinya: ሓወ (ḥawä)

References

1. John Huehnergard (2019), “Proto-Semitic”, in The Semitic Languages‎, 2nd edition, Routledge, →ISBN