Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/caHyā́kaH

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From *caHyáH +‎ *-kaH.

Noun

*caHyā́kaH f[1][2][3][4][5][6]

shade, shadow
shelter, protection

Inflection

aH-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*caHyā́kaH	*caHyā́kay	*caHyā́kāh
vocative	*caHyā́kay	*caHyā́kay	*caHyā́kāh
accusative	*caHyā́kām	*caHyā́kay	*caHyā́kāh
instrumental	*caHyā́kayaH	*caHyā́kaHbyā	*caHyā́kaHbiš
ablative	*caHyā́kayaHh	*caHyā́kaHbyā	*caHyā́kaHbyah
dative	*caHyā́kayaHy	*caHyā́kaHbyā	*caHyā́kaHbyah
genitive	*caHyā́kayaHh	*caHyā́kāyāh	*caHyā́kaHnām
locative	*caHyā́kayaH	*caHyā́kāyaw	*caHyā́kaHsu

Descendants

Northeastern Iranian:
- Sogdo-Bactrian:
  - Khwarezmian: 𐾿𐾺𐾰𐾻‎ (syʾk)
  - Proto-Sogdic: *syā́kā[5]
    - Sogdian: (/səyā́k/)
      Manichaean: 𐫘𐫏𐫀𐫐‎ (syʾk)
      Old Sogdian: 𐼑𐼊𐼀𐼀𐼋‎ (syʾʾk), 𐼑𐼊𐼀𐼀𐼋𐼆‎ (syʾʾkh)
      Syriac: [Syriac needed] (syʾq)
    - Yagnobi: сиёка (sⁱyṓka)
Southeastern Iranian:
- Ormuri:
  Kaniguram: [script needed] (syā́kā)
  Logar: [script needed] (syåkā)
- Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji: *syǣ́ḱǣ
  - Proto-Munji-Yidgha:
    - Munji: [script needed] (sǟgo), [script needed] (sǟga)
    - Yidgha: [script needed] (säγo), [script needed] (saγo)
  - Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami: *sᵊyǣ́ḱ
    - Proto-Shughni-Roshani: *sᵊyœ̄́ǰ (“shadow; temple”)
      - Shughni: (“temple”)
        Bartangi: sⁱyōǰ
        Khughni: syēǰ
    - Yazghulami: [script needed] (sayēg)
Northwestern Iranian:
- Baluchi: ساہگ‎ (sāhig)
- Kurdish:
  - Central Kurdish: سێبەر‎ (sêber), سایه‎ (sayh), سا‎ (sa)
  - Northern Kurdish: sî, sê, sih, sêber, sîber
  - Southern Kurdish: سایه‌‎ (saye)
- Proto-Medo-Parthian: *sāyā́kā
  - Caspian:
    - Mazanderani: ساینه‎ (sâyne), ساها‎ (sāhā)
    - Gilaki: ساىه‎ (sāya)
  - Old Median: *sāyā́kā
    - Kermanic:
      Mahallati: sōya
      Qohrudi: sūya
    - Proto-Tatic:
      - Old Tati:
        Harzani: سو (söv)
        Karingani: سوالین (suvālīn)
      - Talysh:
        Masali: [script needed] (sɔ)
  - Parthian:
    Manichaean: 𐫘𐫏𐫀𐫃‎ (syʾg /sayāg/)
  - Zazaki: sîye
Southwestern Iranian:
- Old Persian: *θāyakā
  - Middle Persian: (/sāyag/)
    Manichaean: 𐫘𐫀𐫏𐫃‎ (sʾyg)
    Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (sʾdk')
    - Classical Persian: سایه‎ (sāya)
      - Dari: سایه‎ (sâya)
      - Iranian Persian: سایه‎ (sâye)
      - Tajik: соя (soya)
      - → Pashto: سايه‎ (sāyá)
      - → Sanglechi: سایه (sā̊yɛ)
      - → Proto-Shughni-Roshani: *sœ̄yœ̄́ (“shadow; temple”)
        Sarikoli: suyo
        Shughni: sōyā
        → Wakhi: soyá (“temple”)[7]

References

Schmitt, Rüdiger, editor (1989) Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum‎, Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 195: “sāyākā-”
de Vaan, Michiel (2003), Beekes, R.S.P.; Lubotsky, A.; Weitenberg, J.J.S., editors, The Avestan Vowels (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 12), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 118: “OIr. *sāyā(ka) ‘shade’”
Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎, Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 106: “*aʦā̆i̯ā-kā-”
Kim, Ronald (2003), “On the historical phonology of Ossetic: the origin of the oblique case suffix”, in Journal of the American Oriental Society‎, volume 123, issue 1, DOI:10.2307/3217844, page 53: “*sāyākā- ← PIr. *sāyā”
Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2016) Einführung ins Ostmitteliranische [Introduction to East-Central Iranian]‎ (in German), Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, page 19
Efimov, Valentin Aleksandrovič (2011) The Ormuri Language in Past and Present (FLI Language and Culture Series)‎, volume 6, Islamabad: Forum for Language Initiatives, page 299: “< Ir. *sāyā́ fem. + (> *sā́yāka with metathesis of *y)”
Steblin-Kamenskij, I.M. (1999), “soyá”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ vaxanskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Wakhi Language] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Peterburgskoje Vostokovedenije, →ISBN

[1] Schmitt, Rüdiger, editor (1989) Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum‎, Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 195: “sāyākā-”

[2] Vaan, Michiel (2003), Beekes, R.S.P.; Lubotsky, A.; Weitenberg, J.J.S., editors, The Avestan Vowels (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 12), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 118: “OIr. *sāyā(ka) ‘shade’”

[3] Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎, Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 106: “*aʦā̆i̯ā-kā-”

[4] Kim, Ronald (2003), “On the historical phonology of Ossetic: the origin of the oblique case suffix”, in Journal of the American Oriental Society‎, volume 123, issue 1, DOI:10.2307/3217844, page 53: “*sāyākā- ← PIr. *sāyā”

[Kummel-5] Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2016) Einführung ins Ostmitteliranische [Introduction to East-Central Iranian]‎ (in German), Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, page 19

[6] Efimov, Valentin Aleksandrovič (2011) The Ormuri Language in Past and Present (FLI Language and Culture Series)‎, volume 6, Islamabad: Forum for Language Initiatives, page 299: “< Ir. *sāyā́ fem. + (> *sā́yāka with metathesis of *y)”

[7] Steblin-Kamenskij, I.M. (1999), “soyá”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ vaxanskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Wakhi Language] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Peterburgskoje Vostokovedenije, →ISBN