Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/wáȷ́ras

< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/wáȷ́ras

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *weǵ- (“to be strong, to be lively”).

Adjective

*wáȷ́ras

1. strong, hard

Noun

*wáȷ́ras m

1. a mace, club or any such weapon

Declension

masculine a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*wáȷ́ras	*wáȷ́rā	*wáȷ́rā, -ās(as)
vocative	*wáȷ́ra	*wáȷ́rā	*wáȷ́rā, -ās(as)
accusative	*wáȷ́ram	*wáȷ́rā	*wáȷ́rāns
instrumental	*wáȷ́rā	*wáȷ́raybʰyaH, -ābʰyām	*wáȷ́rāyš
ablative	*wáȷ́rāt	*wáȷ́raybʰyaH, -ābʰyām	*wáȷ́raybʰyas
dative	*wáȷ́rāy	*wáȷ́raybʰyaH, -ābʰyām	*wáȷ́raybʰyas
genitive	*wáȷ́rasya	*wáȷ́rayās	*wáȷ́rāna(H)m
locative	*wáȷ́ray	*wáȷ́rayaw	*wáȷ́rayšu

Derived terms

• *wáȷ́rakas (“strong; endowed with strength”)
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáȷ́rakas
    • Sanskrit: वज्रक (vájraka, “diamond”)
  • Proto-Iranian: *wájrakah
    • Old Median: *vazṛka-
      • → Old Persian: 𐎺𐏀𐎼𐎣 (vazạrka)
        • Middle Persian: 𐭥𐭰𐭥𐭫𐭢‎ (ʿcʿlg /wuzurg/)
          • Classical Persian: بزرگ‎ (buzurg, “large, big, great”)
            • → Alviri-Vidari: بزرگ‎
            • → Urdu: بزرگ‎ (buzurg, “elderly”)
            • → Hindi: बुज़ुर्ग (buzurg, “elderly”)
          • Tajik: бузург (buzurg)
          • → Old Armenian: վզուրկ (vzurk)
    • Parthian: 𐫇𐫉𐫡𐫃‎ (wzrg /wuzurg/)

Descendants

• Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáȷ́ras
  • Sanskrit: वज्र (vájra, “hard; the mace of Indra; thunderbolt; diamond”)
    • Bengali: বজ্র (bôjr)
    • → English: vajra
    • → Hindi: वज्र (vajra), बज्र (bajra)
    • → Malay: bajra
    • → Telugu: వజ్రం (vajraṁ)
    • → Kannada: ವಜ್ರ (vajra)
  • Middle Indo-Aryan:[1]
    • Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀯𑀇𑀭 (vaïra), 𑀯𑁂𑀭 (vera)
    • Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀯𑀚𑁆𑀚 (vajja)
    • Pali: vajja
• Proto-Iranian: *wajrah
  • Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬰𐬭𐬀‎ (vazra, “the mace of Mithra”)
    • → Middle Persian: wzl (wazr, “mace”), wlz (warz)
      • Classical Persian: گرز‎ (gurz)
        • Dari: گرز‎ (gurz)
        • Iranian Persian: گرز‎ (gorz)
        • Tajik: гурз (gurz)
        • → Armenian: գուրզ (gurz)
        • → Turkish: gürz
      • → Old Armenian: վարզ (varz)
• → Proto-Uralic: *waśara[2]
  • Proto-Samic: *veačērē (“hammer”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Finnic: *vasara (“hammer”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Mordvinic:
    • Erzya: узере (uzere, “axe”)
    • Moksha: узерь (uzerʹ, “axe”)

References

1. Pischel, Richard; Jha, Subhadra (contributor) (1957) Comparative Grammar of the Prakrit Languages‎, Varanasi: Motilal Banarasidass.
2. Joki, Aulis J. (1973) Uralier und Indogermanen [Uralians and Indo-Europeans] (Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia; 151) (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, →ISBN