Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/tews-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*tews-[a 1][a 2]

to be empty; to drain

Derived terms

*tus-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tušćáti
  - Proto-Iranian: *tuŝáti
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬎𐬯𐬆𐬥‎ (tusən, 3.pl.inj)
*tows-éye-ti (causative)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tawšáyati
  - Proto-Iranian: *tawšáyati
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬊𐬱𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬙𐬌‎ (taošaiieti, 3.sg.pres.ind)
*tus-sḱ-yós (“empty”)[a 3]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tuskjas (“empty”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tušćyás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tuśćyás
    - Vedic Sanskrit: तुच्छ्य (tucchyá, “empty”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *tuŝyás
    - Khotanese: tuśśaa (“empty”)
    - Middle Persian: [script needed] (twhyg /tuhīg/)
      - Persian: تهی‎ (tuhī, “empty”)
    - Parthian: [script needed] (twsyg, “empty”)
Unsorted formations:
- Italic:
  - Latin: tesqua (“desert”)
- Proto-Germanic: *þustaz (“manure”)

References

Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “2. *teu̯s-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 642
Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*tauš”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 388
Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*tussk̂i̯os”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 179

Etymology

Probably an extension of *tewH- (“to favour”).[b 1]

Root

*tews-[b 2][b 3]

to be happy

Derived terms

*tus-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: [script needed] (tu-uš-ki-ez-zi /tuškezzi/, “to be happy”)[b 4]
*tus-yé-ti (ye-present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tušyáti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tuṣyáti
    - Sanskrit: तुष्यति (túṣyati) (metrically तुष्यते (túṣyate))
      - Pali: tussati
*tows-éye-ti (causative-iterative)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tawšáyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tawṣáyati
    - Sanskrit: तोषयति (toṣáyati)

References

Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1. *teu̯s-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 641
Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*teus-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 255
Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “tušk(ii̯e/a)-^zi”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1040

[1] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “2. *teu̯s-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 642

[2] Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*tauš”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 388

[3] Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*tussk̂i̯os”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 179

[4] Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

[5] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1. *teu̯s-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 641

[6] Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*teus-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 255

[7] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “tušk(ii̯e/a)-^zi”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1040