Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kelh₁-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*kelh₁-[1][2]

to call, cry, summon

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kelh₁-

*kelh₁-o-
- Proto-Germanic: *helą
  - Old Norse: hjal (“babbling, chit-chat”)
    - ⇒ Icelandic: hjala (“to babble”)
*kléh₁-nd-
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *krándati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *krándati
    - Sanskrit: क्रन्दति (krándati) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *klándati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *klándati
    - Sanskrit: क्लन्दति (klandati)
*kl̥h₁-éh₁yeti?
- Proto-Hellenic: *kəlḗyō
  - Ancient Greek: καλέω (kaléō)
- Proto-Italic: *kalēō
  - Latin: kalendae
*kl̥h₁-eh₂yeti
- Proto-Germanic: *halōną, *hulōną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *kalāō
  - Latin: calō
*kel-yo-
- Proto-Italic: *keliom
  - Latin: (con)cilium
*kl̥h₁-dō
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: κληδών (klēdṓn)
*kl̥h₁-d-ti-
- Proto-Italic: *klāssis
  - Latin: classis (see there for further descendants)
*kl̥h₁-kl̥h₁-
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: աքաղաղ (akʿałał), ագաղաղ (agałał), այգաղաղ (aygałał), աքալալ (akʿalal)
    - → Armenian: աքաղաղ (akʿałał)
    - ⇒ Armenian: աքլոր (akʿlor)
*kl̥h₁-m-
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: clāmō (“to shout”) (see there for further descendants)
*kl̥h₁-rós
- Proto-Italic: *klāros
  - Latin: clārus (“loud, clear”) (see there for further descendants)
*kloh₁-ye-
- Proto-Germanic: *hlōaną (see there for further descendants)
*(s)kel- (with s mobile)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: skaļš (“loud, noisy”)
  - Lithuanian: skãlyti (“to bark, roar, yell, whine”), skalùs (“loud, (of a dog) often barking”), skalìkas (“hound”), kalė̃ (“bitch”)
  - Russian: скули́ть (skulítʹ, “to whine”)
- Proto-Germanic: *skellaną
  - Middle Dutch: scellen
  - Old High German: skellan
    - Alemannic German: schälle
    - German: schellen (“to sound”)
  - Old Norse: skjalla (“to clash, clatter”) ⇒ skjallr (“loud”)
    - Icelandic: skella (“to crash, bang”), skjalla (“to flatter”)
- Proto-Germanic: *skaljaną (causative)
  - Old English: scillen
  - Old High German: skellen (“to make sound”)
    - Middle High German: schellen
  - Old Norse: skella
    - Icelandic: skella (“to slamp, slap”)
    - Norwegian: skjelle (“to scold”)
- Proto-Germanic:
  - Old High German: scal
    - Middle High German: schal
      - German: Schall (“sound, clang”)
  - Middle Dutch: scal
    - Dutch: schal (“a resonating sound or noise”)
  - Swedish: skall (“bark (of a dog or wolf)”)
- Proto-Germanic: *skellō
  - Old High German: skella
    - Middle High German: schelle
      - German: Schelle (“bell”)
  - Middle Dutch: scelle
    - Dutch: schel
*(s)kel-dʰ-
- Proto-Germanic: *skeldaną
  - German: schelten (“to scold”)
- Proto-Germanic: *skalda- (“skald, poet”) (perhaps)
  - Old Norse: skald
    - Icelandic: skáld
      - → English: scold (“person of ribald speech, clamourous woman”)
*(s)kol-, *(s)kulu-
- Old Armenian: ցուլ (cʿul, “bull”)
  - Armenian: ցուլ (cʿul, “bull”)
- Ancient Greek: σκύλαξ (skúlax, “puppy”), also in the forms κύλλα (kúlla) and σκύλος (skúlos, “puppy, dog”)
- Ancient Greek: σκύλιον (skúlion, “type of shark”)
- Ancient Greek: σκύλλα (skúlla, “type of fish”), Σκύλλα (Skúlla, “the Bitch (?)”)
- Ancient Greek: σκυλλίς (skullís, “vine branch”)
- Ancient Greek: σκύμνος (skúmnos, “lion cub”) (?)

Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: [script needed] (kalgalinai-, “to clang, clash”), [script needed] (kalleš-, kalliš-, “to evoke, summon”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: kaļuot
  - Lithuanian: kalba
  - Proto-Slavic: *kolkolъ
- Proto-Celtic: *kalyākos (“rooster”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *halliz
  - Dutch: hel
  - German: hell
- Proto-Germanic: *hellaną (see there for further descendants)

References

De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[1] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[2] Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN