< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/mainijaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈmɑi̯.ni.jɑ.nɑ̃/
Etymology 1
From Proto-Indo-European *meyno- (“intent, mindset, opinion”), from Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“to change, exchange, swap, switch, share in common”). Cognate with Old Irish mían (“wish; desire”).
Verb
*mainijaną[1][2]
- to mean, think
Inflection
Conjugation of *mainijaną (weak class 1)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *mainijō | *mainijaų | — | *mainijai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *mainīsi | *mainijais | *mainī | *mainijasai | *mainijaisau |
| 3rd singular | *mainīþi | *mainijai | *mainijaþau | *mainijaþai | *mainijaiþau |
| 1st dual | *mainijōs | *mainijaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *mainijaþiz | *mainijaiþiz | *mainijaþiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *mainijamaz | *mainijaim | — | *mainijanþai | *mainijainþau |
| 2nd plural | *mainīþ | *mainijaiþ | *mainīþ | *mainijanþai | *mainijainþau |
| 3rd plural | *mainijanþi | *mainijain | *mainijanþau | *mainijanþai | *mainijainþau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *mainidǭ | *mainidēdį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *mainidēz | *mainidēdīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *mainidē | *mainidēdī | |||
| 1st dual | *mainidēdū | *mainidēdīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *mainidēdudiz | *mainidēdīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *mainidēdum | *mainidēdīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *mainidēdud | *mainidēdīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *mainidēdun | *mainidēdīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *mainijandz | *mainidaz | |||
Related terms
- *mainō
- *mainiz
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *mainijan
- Old English: mǣnan
- Middle English: menen
- Scots: mene, mein
- English: mean
- Middle English: menen
- Old Frisian: mēna
- Saterland Frisian: meene
- West Frisian: miene
- Old Saxon: mēnian
- Middle Low German: mênen, meinen
- German Low German: menen
- → Old Norse: meina
- Icelandic: meina
- Faroese: meina
- Norwegian Nynorsk: meina
- → Norwegian Bokmål: meine
- Danish: mene
- Norwegian Bokmål: mene
- Swedish: mena
- Gutnish: maine
- Westrobothnian: main, mäin, mein
- Middle Low German: mênen, meinen
- Old Dutch: mēnen
- Middle Dutch: mênen
- Dutch: menen
- Limburgish: meine
- Middle Dutch: mênen
- Old High German: meinen
- Middle High German: meinen
- German: meinen
- Hunsrik: menne
- Yiddish: מיינען (meynen)
- Middle High German: meinen
- Old English: mǣnan
- → Proto-Finnic: *mainit'ak
- Finnish: mainita
- → Estonian: mainima
- Ingrian: mainia, mainita
- Karelian: mainita
- Votic: mainia
- Finnish: mainita
Etymology 2
Likely from *mainaz (“damaging, untrue, deceiving”) + *-janą or *mainą (“damage, unjustice”) + *-janą
Verb
*mainijaną[3]
- to demean
- to defile
Inflection
Conjugation of *mainijaną (weak class 1)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *mainijō | *mainijaų | — | *mainijai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *mainīsi | *mainijais | *mainī | *mainijasai | *mainijaisau |
| 3rd singular | *mainīþi | *mainijai | *mainijaþau | *mainijaþai | *mainijaiþau |
| 1st dual | *mainijōs | *mainijaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *mainijaþiz | *mainijaiþiz | *mainijaþiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *mainijamaz | *mainijaim | — | *mainijanþai | *mainijainþau |
| 2nd plural | *mainīþ | *mainijaiþ | *mainīþ | *mainijanþai | *mainijainþau |
| 3rd plural | *mainijanþi | *mainijain | *mainijanþau | *mainijanþai | *mainijainþau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *mainidǭ | *mainidēdį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *mainidēz | *mainidēdīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *mainidē | *mainidēdī | |||
| 1st dual | *mainidēdū | *mainidēdīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *mainidēdudiz | *mainidēdīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *mainidēdum | *mainidēdīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *mainidēdud | *mainidēdīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *mainidēdun | *mainidēdīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *mainijandz | *mainidaz | |||
Descendants
- ⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *framainijan
- Old Dutch: *farmēnen
- Middle Dutch: vermênen
- Old High German: firmeinen
- Middle High German: vermeinen
- German: vermeinen (“schlecht machen”) (obsolete)
- Middle High German: vermeinen
- Old Dutch: *farmēnen
- Old Norse: meina
- Icelandic: meina
- Faroese: meina
- Norwegian Nynorsk: meina, meine
- Old Swedish: mēna
- Swedish: mena, förmena
- ⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gamainjan)
References
- Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*mainjanan II”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 255
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*mainjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 348
- Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*mainjanan I”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 255