< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/līþaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *leyt- (“to go, depart, die”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈliː.θɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*līþaną[1][2]
- to go; pass
- to go through
Inflection
Conjugation of *līþaną (strong class 1)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *līþō | *līþaų | — | *līþai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *līþizi | *līþaiz | *līþ | *līþazai | *līþaizau |
| 3rd singular | *līþidi | *līþai | *līþadau | *līþadai | *līþaidau |
| 1st dual | *līþōz | *līþaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *līþadiz | *līþaidiz | *līþadiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *līþamaz | *līþaim | — | *līþandai | *līþaindau |
| 2nd plural | *līþid | *līþaid | *līþid | *līþandai | *līþaindau |
| 3rd plural | *līþandi | *līþain | *līþandau | *līþandai | *līþaindau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *laiþ | *lidį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *laist | *lidīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *laiþ | *lidī | |||
| 1st dual | *lidū | *lidīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *lidudiz | *lidīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *lidum | *lidīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *lidud | *lidīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *lidun | *lidīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *līþandz | *lidanaz | |||
Derived terms
- *laidijaną
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *līþan
- Old English: līþan
- Middle English: liþen (early)
- Old Frisian: lītha
- Saterland Frisian: liede
- West Frisian: lyen, lye, lit, lije
- Old Saxon: līthan
- Middle Low German: lîden
- German Low German: lieden
- Middle Low German: lîden
- Old Dutch: līthan
- Middle Dutch: liden
- Dutch: lijden
- Afrikaans: ly
- Negerhollands: lyd, lyden, lijden, leiden
- Limburgish: lieje
- Dutch: lijden
- Middle Dutch: liden
- Old High German: līdan
- Middle High German: līden
- Alemannic German: liide, lide
- German: leiden
- Hunsrik: leide
- Luxembourgish: leiden
- Middle High German: līden
- Old English: līþan
- Old Norse: líða
- Icelandic: líða
- Faroese: líða
- Norwegian: lide
- Old Swedish: līþa
- Swedish: lida
- Danish: lide
- → Scots: lide
- Gothic: *𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽 (*leiþan)
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*līþan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 340
- Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*līþanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 248