Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/jut

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Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/jut

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *yú, dual of *túh₂.

Alternative forms

• *jit (North-West Germanic)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /jut/

Pronoun

*jut

1. you two

Inflection

Proto-Germanic personal pronouns

singular	first person	second person	reflexive
nominative	*ek (unstr. *ik)	*þū	(*se-)
accusative	*mek (unstr. *mik)	*þek (unstr. *þik)	*sek (unstr. *sik)
dative/instr	*miz	*þiz	*siz
possessive	*mīnaz	*þīnaz	*sīnaz
dual	first person	second person	reflexive
nominative	*wet (unstr. *wit)	*jut, *jit	(*se-)
accusative	*unk	*inkw	*sek (unstr. *sik)
dative/instr	*unkiz	*inkwiz	*siz
possessive	*unkeraz	*inkweraz	*sīnaz
plural	first person	second person	reflexive
nominative	*wīz (unstr. *wiz)	*jūz, *jīz	(*se-)
accusative	*uns	*izwiz	*sek (unstr. *sik)
dative/instr	*unsiz	*izwiz	*siz
possessive	*unseraz	*izweraz	*sīnaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *jit
  • Old English: ġit
    • Middle English: ȝit
  • Old Frisian: *it, *jit
    • North Frisian:

      Föhr-Amrum: jat

      Sylt: at

  • Old Saxon: git
  • Old Dutch: *git, *it
    • Bergish: et, get, git, it
  • Old High German: *iz
    • Middle High German: ëz
      • Bavarian: es
      • Yiddish: עץ‎ (ets) (Poylish)
• Old Norse: it, þit
  • Icelandic: þið
  • Faroese: tit
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: de, did
  • Elfdalian: ið
  • Westrobothnian: -e
  • Old Swedish: it
    • Finland Swedish: et, ät[1]
• Gothic: 𐌾𐌿𐍄 (jut)

References

1. Howe, Stephen (1996), “14. Old/Middle Swedish”, in The Personal Pronouns in the Germanic Languages: A Study of Personal Pronoun Morphology and Change in the Germanic Languages from the First Records to the Present Day, Walter de Gruyter