< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hrewwaną
Proto-Germanic
Alternative forms
- *hrewaną
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *krew-, *krow-, *krows- (“to fall, beat, break, bruise”). Cognate with Lithuanian krùšti (“to smash, crash, bruise”), Russian круши́ть (krušítʹ, “to destroy”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈxrew.wɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*hrewwaną[1][2]
- to grieve, to feel sorrow
- to cause regret, to rue
Inflection
Conjugation of *hrewwaną (strong class 2)
active voice | passive voice | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
1st singular | *hrewwō | *hrewwaų | — | *hrewwai | ? |
2nd singular | *hriwwizi | *hrewwaiz | *hreww | *hrewwazai | *hrewwaizau |
3rd singular | *hriwwidi | *hrewwai | *hrewwadau | *hrewwadai | *hrewwaidau |
1st dual | *hrewwōz | *hrewwaiw | — | — | — |
2nd dual | *hrewwadiz | *hrewwaidiz | *hrewwadiz | — | — |
1st plural | *hrewwamaz | *hrewwaim | — | *hrewwandai | *hrewwaindau |
2nd plural | *hriwwid | *hrewwaid | *hriwwid | *hrewwandai | *hrewwaindau |
3rd plural | *hrewwandi | *hrewwain | *hrewwandau | *hrewwandai | *hrewwaindau |
past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
1st singular | *hrau(w) | *hruwį̄ | |||
2nd singular | *hrau(w)t | *hruwīz | |||
3rd singular | *hrau(w) | *hruwī | |||
1st dual | *hruwū | *hruwīw | |||
2nd dual | *hruwudiz | *hruwīdiz | |||
1st plural | *hruwum | *hruwīm | |||
2nd plural | *hruwud | *hruwīd | |||
3rd plural | *hruwun | *hruwīn | |||
present | past | ||||
participles | *hrewwandz | *hruwanaz |
Related terms
- *hriwwiz
- *hrewwō
- *hrewwōną
- *hriwwijaną
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *hreuwan
- Old English: hrēowan
- Middle English: rewen, reowen, ruwen, ruen, reouwen, rowen, reowe, riewe, rewe
- English: rue
- Scots: rew
- Middle English: rewen, reowen, ruwen, ruen, reouwen, rowen, reowe, riewe, rewe
- Old Frisian: *hriōwa, *hriuwa, *riouwa
- West Frisian: rouwe
- Old Saxon: hriuwan, hreuwan
- Middle Low German: ruwen, rouwen
- Low German: ruwen, rouwen, ruen
- Middle Low German: ruwen, rouwen
- Old Dutch: *riuwan
- Middle Dutch: rouwen
- Dutch: rouwen
- Limburgish: roewe
- Middle Dutch: rouwen
- Old High German: hriuwan, riuwan
- Middle High German: riuwen
- Alemannic German: rüüwe
- German: reuen
- Middle High German: riuwen
- Old English: hrēowan
- Old Norse: hryggva, (younger hryggja)
- Icelandic: hryggja
- Faroese: ryggja
- Norwegian Nynorsk: ryggja
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*hrewan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 246-247
- Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*xrewwanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 186