< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hlahjaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *klek- (“to laugh, cackle”). Cognate with Russian клекота́ть (klekotátʹ, “to scream (of birds of prey)”).
Possibly related to Proto-Celtic *klokkos (“bell”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈxlɑx.jɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*hlahjaną
- to laugh
Inflection
Conjugation of *hlahjaną (strong class 6 j-present)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *hlahjō | *hlahjaų | — | *hlahjai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *hlahisi | *hlahjais | *hlahi | *hlahjasai | *hlahjaisau |
| 3rd singular | *hlahiþi | *hlahjai | *hlahjaþau | *hlahjaþai | *hlahjaiþau |
| 1st dual | *hlahjōs | *hlahjaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *hlahjaþiz | *hlahjaiþiz | *hlahjaþiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *hlahjamaz | *hlahjaim | — | *hlahjanþai | *hlahjainþau |
| 2nd plural | *hlahiþ | *hlahjaiþ | *hlahiþ | *hlahjanþai | *hlahjainþau |
| 3rd plural | *hlahjanþi | *hlahjain | *hlahjanþau | *hlahjanþai | *hlahjainþau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *hlōh | *hlōgį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *hlōht | *hlōgīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *hlōh | *hlōgī | |||
| 1st dual | *hlōgū | *hlōgīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *hlōgudiz | *hlōgīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *hlōgum | *hlōgīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *hlōgud | *hlōgīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *hlōgun | *hlōgīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *hlahjandz | *hlaganaz | |||
Derived terms
- *hlōgijaną
- *hlōgiz
Related terms
- *hlahtraz
- *hlakkōną
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *hlahhjan
- Old English: hliehhan, hlihhan, hlehhan, hlæhan, hlihan, hlichan, hlihgan, hlyhhan
- Middle English: laughen
- English: laugh
- Scots: lauch
- Yola: leeigh, leigh
- Middle English: laughen
- Old Saxon: hlahhian, hlahan
- Middle Low German: lachen
- Low German: lachen
- Plautdietsch: lachen
- Middle Low German: lachen
- Old Dutch: *lahhen, *lahhan
- Middle Dutch: lachen
- Dutch: lachen
- Afrikaans: lag
- Berbice Creole Dutch: laki
- Javindo: lach, lag, lah
- Negerhollands: lach, lak
- Petjo: lahen
- Limburgish: lache
- Dutch: lachen
- Middle Dutch: lachen
- Old High German: hlahhan, hlahhēn
- Middle High German: lachen
- Alemannic German: lache
- Cimbrian: lachan
- German: lachen
- Luxembourgish: laachen
- Yiddish: לאַכן (lakhn)
- Middle High German: lachen
- Old English: hliehhan, hlihhan, hlehhan, hlæhan, hlihan, hlichan, hlihgan, hlyhhan
- Old Norse: hlæja
- Icelandic: hlæja
- Faroese: læa
- Elfdalian: läa
- Old Swedish: lēia, lea, lēa
- Swedish: le
- Old Danish: lē
- Danish: le
- Norwegian Bokmål: le
- Danish: le
- East Germanic
- Gothic: 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽 (hlahjan)
- Crimean Gothic: lachen
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*hlah(j)an-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN